Imperialism
This is the cause for the decline in population in the Americas after Spanish conquest
What is spread of disease (primarily smallpox)
Developed during the Industrial Revolution, this economic system fueled imperial expansion by encouraging free markets and private profit.
What is Capitalism
This 1884–1885 meeting of European powers divided African land among themselves without African input.
What is the Berlin Conference?
This deadly disease spread along trade routes like the Silk Roads and drastically reduced urban populations in the Post-Classical Era.
What is the bubonic plague?
Influenced by Enlightenment ideals like liberty and equality, this ideology drove many independence movements in the 19th and 20th centuries.
What is nationalism?
This is the demographic group that increased in the Americas after the introduction of plantation labor.
What is enslaved African people
Justified by the concept of the "divine right of kings," this system centralized power in monarchs and was challenged by Enlightenment ideals.
What is (divine rule) absolute monarchy
This phrase describes the intense European competition to colonize African territory in the late 19th century, often justified by Social Darwinism.
What is the Scramble for Africa?
While empires like Spain and Britain expanded overseas, these three empires expanded mainly by conquering neighboring lands.
What are Russia, the United States, and the Mughal Empire?
British colonial control and racial hierarchies helped spark this Indian leader’s movement for independence based on nonviolence and civil disobedience.
Who was Mohandas Gandhi?
This is one of the primary continuities from the PCE to the EME for European imperialism.
Demand for spices and luxury commodities
Emerging in the 19th century as a critique of industrial capitalism, this theory argued that the working class would eventually rise up and abolish class structures.
What is Marxism
This idea, often tied to Enlightenment thought and nationalism, inspired colonized people to demand independence in the 20th century. Also advocated for in Wilson's 14 Points Speech.
What is self-determination?
Known for their vast empire across Eurasia in the Post-Classical Era, this nomadic group expanded by using technologies and administrative ideas from conquered peoples.
Who were the Mongols?
Influenced by Marxist ideas of class struggle, this Latin American revolutionary supported armed resistance against imperialism in countries like Cuba and Bolivia.
Who was Che Guevara?
While they did not gain full control over this region, this is what Europeans established in the Indian Ocean during the Early Modern Era through the use of canons and armed trade.
This form of government and economic system, as seen in the Soviet Union, abolished private property and emphasized collective ownership—often enforced through authoritarian rule. Later also seen in LAtin America and Asia.
What is communism
Rooted in the belief of racial superiority, this ideology supported empire-building by portraying non-Europeans as “less civilized” and in need of domination.
What is Social Darwinism?
Unlike conquest-driven expansion (such as that of the Spanish), this method spread religious ideas across regions and led to hybrid forms of belief, such as Buddhism influencing Shinto in Japan or Islam blending with traditional African religions.
What are missionaries and merchants?
After fighting in both World Wars for imperial powers, many colonial subjects expected more rights and freedom at home. Their disappointment helped fuel what political demand?
What is self-determination?
This is what allowed for increased European (British, Spanish, Portuguese) imperial expansion during the EME (must name 2 or more examples).
What is the adaption of navigational technology (compass,s astrolabe, lanteen sails, stern post rudder, dhow ships) and intelligence (knowledge of monsoon winds).
Inspired by Enlightenment thought and revolutionary movements, this political system relies on popular sovereignty and spread globally through decolonization and constitutional reform.
What is democracy
Often fueled by anti-colonialism and nationalism, this 20th-century process saw former colonies gain independence, sometimes by embracing syncretic cultural identities to resist imperial definitions.
What is decolonization?
The Arab and Mongol empires succeeded in expansion partly because they adapted to local customs, languages, and religions. This strategy reflects which broader historical theme?
What is cultural syncretism in imperial expansion?
While movements for self-rule gained momentum globally in the 20th century, these groups were often excluded from full participation or rights—despite their roles in anti-colonial struggles.
Who are women, indigenous groups, and ethnic minorities?