Technological Tides
This technological innovation, originally from Asia, improved deep-water navigation on European caravels and other ships.
Lateen sail
The Columbian Exchange led to population catastrophe in the Americas primarily due to the transfer of these, such as smallpox, from the Eastern Hemisphere.
Diseases
This economic policy, requiring heavy government intervention and the accumulation of wealth in colonies and metals, drove European states to establish maritime empires.
Mercantilism
This social category included individuals of mixed European and indigenous American descent in the new social hierarchy of the Spanish colonies.
Mestizos
This revolt (1680) involved indigenous people in New Mexico who resisted Spanish rule and killed hundreds of Spanish colonists.
Pueblo Revolt
This European royal figure, known as "the Navigator," sponsored early Portuguese voyages of maritime exploration.
Prince Henry the Navigator
This item, along with maize, was one of the New World crops that traveled to the Eastern Hemisphere and is listed among the animals and fodds exchanges
Cacao (rice, okra, sugarcane)
The Portuguese, due to their limited manpower, were largely restricted to controlling a trading post empire in this important Asian region.
Indian Ocean
This group, consisting of people of European descent born in the Spanish American colonies, were often powerful but were second in status to those born in Spain.
This navigational innovation, originating in China, served as a crucial part of the stern assembly of European ships, aiding their deep-water voyages.
Stern rudder
This Tsar of Russia visited Western Europe in 1697 to observe military and naval technology, later hiring foreign technicians to build up Russia's power
Peter the Great
This domesticated animal, introduced to the Americas, was used by indigenous groups for hunting and dramatically changed the lifestyle of Native Americans on the Great Plains.
This Spanish system of forced labor provided conquistadores with access to native labor in the Americas.
Encomienda system
In the Spanish American social hierarchy, this term referred to those born in Spain.
Peninsulares
This valuable cash crop, grown on specialized agricultural operations called engenhos in Brazil, drove Portugal's massive reliance on enslaved labor.
Sugarcane
The rise of European maritime empires was aided by the diffusion of technology, specifically advances in cartography and the development of charts used for celestial navigation.
The astronomical chart
This environmental impact was caused by the practice of growing the same crop repeatedly on the same land, a consequence of the intensive production of cash crops in the Americas.
Soil depletion
This precious metal, discovered in Spanish colonies, was transported by galleons and became the central commodity that integrated European, American, and Asian markets during this era.
Silver
This term refers to the process of religious blending, exemplified by the emergence of belief systems like Vodun (Haiti), Santeria (Cuba), and Candomble (Brazil).
Syncretism
This revolution (1688-1689) involved struggles for power that resulted in a constitutional monarchy and limited the power of the monarch relative to Parliament.
Glorious Revolution
Identify two pieces of technological knowledge from classical, Islamic, or Asian societies that were adopted and used by Europeans for transoceanic travel.
The astrolabe, magnetic compass, lateen sail
The trade of natural resources, populations, technology, and diseases between the Americas, Europe, and Africa following Columbus's explorations is collectively known by this term.
Columbian Exchange
The catastrophic decline of indigenous populations due to diseases such as smallpox led directly to the expansion of this massive, forced population movement between Africa and the Americas.
This mandatory cultural practice, enforced by the Qing rulers on Han Chinese men, symbolized their submission to the Manchu authority.
Queue
This group, composed largely of skilled fighters and runaway serfs living on the southern steppes, were sometimes fiercely independent and at odds with the tsars.
Cossacks