French Revolution
Who was Napoleon Bonaparte, and why is he historically significant?
Napoleon Bonaparte was a military official who overthrew the Directory and took control of France, eventually declaring himself emperor and initiating a series of wars throughout Europe
Enlightenment ideals like republicanism, popular sovereignty, and natural rights encouraged Creoles and other groups in Latin America to declare independence from Spain and Portugal
What were the political effects of the Enlightenment?
The Enlightenment led to a number of reforms in Western governments, allowing for more representation and less monarchical rule. The Enlightenment also encouraged the outbreak of major political revolutions in the United States, France, Haiti, and other nations.
Early industrialization in Britain was based on the production of what good?
Textiles
What is urbanization?
Urbanization is the mass migration of populations away from rural areas and into cities, along with the adoption of a more "urban" lifestyle
Identify TWO rights protected by the Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen
- Protection of private property
- Legal equality
- Freedom of speech and press
- Freedom of religion
- Resistance against oppression
Who benefited the most from Latin American independence movements, and why?
Creoles benefited the most from Latin American independence movements, as they were able to replace the Peninsulares at the top of the political and social hierarchy
What social reform movements were inspired by the Enlightenment?
Both abolitionism and the women's suffrage movement were inspired by the ideals of the Enlightenment, among others
What is industrialization?
Industrialization is mechanization of labor - the use of machines to produce goods and ease labor
Socialism acknowledges class warfare between what two groups of people?
Describe the Reign of Terror
The Reign of Terror was a period of time (1791-1793) during which the Committee of Public Safety under Maximilien Robespierre tried and executed over 10,000 people (via guillotine) for supposed treason or counter-revolutionary activities
Describe the Haitian Revolution
The Haitian Revolution was the first successful slave revolt in world history. The French Revolution inspired the slaves of the French colony of Saint Domingue to revolt against their masters, overthrow the government, and declare independence from France.
What was the result of the Congress of Vienna?
The Congress of Vienna (temporarily) reorganized European national boundaries and restored monarchical rule to France and other European nations
Why did the Industrial Revolution begin in Britain?
- Abundance of fuel sources like coal
- Abundance of cotton for textile production
- Easy access to waterways for transportation
- Large labor force of skilled & unskilled workers
Why did nations such as Germany and Britain fear communism?
Communism calls for the (often violent) overthrow of those in power and the abolition of all private property for the good of the working class
Identify THREE causes of the French Revolution
- Lack of political representation for the Third Estate
- Inequality of taxes imposed by the government
- Economic crisis brought about by national debt
- The gathering & debate of the Estates General
- Centuries of absolute monarchical rule
- Enlightenment ideals inspired by the American Revolution
Who was Simon Bolivar, and why is he significant?
Simon Bolivar was a Latin American revolutionary who led several independence movements in South America. He hoped to unify South America into a unitary confederacy, but failed.
How did nationalism contribute to the formation of Germany and Italy?
Nationalism encouraged "national" groups to unify together into sovereign nation-states. Otto von Bismarck used German nationalism to expand Prussia and unify Germany, whereas Count Cavour and Giuseppe Garibaldi used Italian nationalism to unify Italy.
Describe the factory system
The factory system describes the centralization of labor and machinery in a single location. The factory system leads to mass production, but poor labor conditions for the workers.
How did industrialization affect family life?
Industrialization led to a division of labor that separated families; mother, father, and children all worked apart and had little interaction.
Identify THREE effects of the French Revolution
- Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen
- Establishment of a French Republic
- Conflict with Prussia and Austria
- Rise of Napoleon Bonaparte
- Spread of revolutionary sentiment
- Rise of French nationalism
- Initiated the Haitian Revolution
What factors motivated Latin American nations to declare independence from European empires?
- Colonists resented Spanish mercantilism
- Rising nationalism and anti-imperialist sentiment
- Enlightenment ideals like popular sovereignty
Contrast 19th century liberalism to 19th century conservatism
19th century liberalism supported Enlightenment ideals such as popular sovereignty, written constitutions, and limited government. 19th century conservatism supported tradition and continuity in society, including monarchical rule and religious authority .
Compare industrialization in Japan and Russia
Identify THREE social issues caused by industrialization
- Widening of the gap between rich and poor
- Pollution and environmental degradation
- Spread of disease and poor hygiene in cities
- Overcrowding and poor living conditions in cities
- Poor treatment of workers and families
- Widespread job insecurity