Motives
Name at least two resources European powers sought in nations overseas in the 19th century
Rubber, palm oil, cotton, manganese, copper, gold, diamonds
The rapid invasion, colonization, and partitioning of the African continent by competing European powers during the late 19th century.
Scramble for Africa
What political/economic development did Great Britain want to control in Egypt and eventually did by the late 1800s?
The Suez Canal
Some were forced to migrate for work in the form of convict labor to work on infrastructure projects like roads and railways. What British penal colony is an example of this?
Australia
The 19th-century belief that the expansion of the US throughout the American continents was both divinely justified and inevitable.
Manifest Destiny
What new modes of cheap transportation facilitated migration?
Steamships and railroads
Name one political motive for European imperialism
Gain power by expanding territory, increase national pride or security, to stop other nations from expanding
Name & place of the governor of the Congo Free State who authorized private companies to cruely force villagers to collect rubber in the forest; his rule was violent over the Congolese where those who did not meet their rubber quotas could be punished by having a limb severed
Leopold II of Belgium
This industry declined in India and transformed India from being a top manufacturer into an exporter of this raw material for British mills
Cotton/Textiles
The United States occupied Hawai'i to control economic interests over what two types of crop plantations?
Sugarcane and fruit
What economic interest did the US have in Panama?
Panama canal would allow ships to move from Atlantic to Pacific quickly, helping cut shipping time and cost of imports/exports
People who could not afford passage to the colonies could become this. Another person would pay their passage, and in exchange, they would serve and perform labor for that person for a set length of time (usually seven years) and then would be free.
Indentured Servants/Servitude
the concept that Western nations could bring "advanced" science and economic development to non-Western parts of the world that justified imperial administration
Civilizing Mission
British entrepreneur and politician Cecil Rhodes was involved in the expansion of the British Empire from South Africa into Central Africa; what was his main interest in these areas?
Diamond mining
What did the Boxer Rebellion and Taiping Rebellion have in common in terms of their end goal?
Both were uprisings that had a goal of eliminating foreign influence in China.
Southeast Asia was rich in a resource that was used for items such as tires, shoes, factory machinery, and eventually automobiles
Rubber
Great Britain heavily invested in this South American country, where they developed various industries such as railroads, telegraphs, meatpacking, and banking
Argentina
A place with a high concentration of an ethnic group that is distinct from those in the surrounding area; a result of migration movements driven by industrialization
Ethnic Enclave
What was the "White Man's Burden"?
A poem that justified imperialism by saying white Europeans and Americans have a duty to "civilize" non-white people who were said to be savage and barbaric.
Name one place in Africa that became a settler colony as a result of European imperialism
British South Africa or French Algeria
Why did the United States propose an "Open Door Policy" in China?
They saw other industrialized powers having spheres of influence in China and were afraid they would not have access to Chinese markets
This imperialist power took control of the Philippines over Spain after a war. They exploited resources, forced the Filipino economy to depend on their markets, and developed education, legal systems, and infrastructure that mimicked theirs.
The United States
What did America's Monroe Doctrine in 1823 say?
European intervention on the Western hemisphere was no longer welcome (US has the right to practice imperialism here first)
What are push factors and what pushed Irish immigrants to migrate to the United States?
Push factors are reasons why someone would leave their home country. The Potato Famine caused Irish to emigrate to the United States because when their potato crops died from disease, they experienced a famine and needed to find a new place to live.
What main economic reason BESIDES extracting raw materials using cheap labor, was a motive for imperialism
Having new markets to sell finished products to in the colonies
Describe the difference in how France ruled from Great Britain in Africa
France focused on a more direct approach with assimilation while Great Britain was more indirect where local leaders carried out British rule
What was the major outcome/shift in power of how India was ruled after the Sepoy Mutiny of 1857 (also known as Indian Revolt of 1857)?
It ended the rule of The British East India Company and established the British Raj (British crown itself ruled over India)
How did imperialism in Southeast Asia affect the environment
Forests were torn down for cash crops (monoculture estates/plantations), soil degradation, railways to export cash crops from inland disrupted local landscape
What does "Banana republic" refer to?
*Not the clothing brand :)
a small country (especially in Central America) that is politically unstable and whose economy is dominated by foreign companies and depends on one export (such as bananas) - dominated mostly by the US
How did migration affect gender roles?
Men were migrants and women had to take on roles traditionally reserved for men such as physical labor
The application of ideas about evolution and "survival of the fittest" to human societies - particularly as a justification for their racism and imperialist expansion
Social Darwinism
How did the Xhosa of South Africa resist imperial intrusion?
They killed their cattle believing it would drive Europeans off their lands
Describe the Opium Wars between Great Britain and Qing China. Include why it started, what happened, and how it ended.
How it started: Britain smuggled Opium into China to help restore their silver because trade with China had become an unfavorable balance for them
What happened: China tried to ban Opium which lead to the Opium Wars, where British had a considerable military advantage
How it ended: British forced China to sign Treaty of Nanking which forced the Chinese to pay for British losses during the war, denied the Qing government tariff control over some of its own borders, opened additional ports of residence to the British, and ceded the island of Hong Kong to Britain
Explain at least 2 ways Aboriginals from Australia and Maori from New Zealand were affected by European Imperialism
1. Vulnerable to foreign disease
2. Indigenous or mixed-race children would be taken from families and forced to assimilate into Anglo-Saxon culture
3. Prevented from acquiring citizenship/voting rights
Explain one example of resistance to imperial forces in the Americas
Creation of Cherokee Nation - assimilation/adopted Western constitution and customs
Ghost Dance - ceremonial dance where doing the dance would return their ancestral dead and drive the white men off their land
Tupac Amaru II of Peru - He arrested one of the colonial leaders and charged him with cruelty and when the Spanish retaliated, a rebellion of the natives spread in Peru
Name the immigration restriction policies that was placed on Chinese immigrants in both the United States and Australia
Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882 - This law banned nearly all immigrants from China into the United States
White Australia Policy - a set of stringent Australian limitations on nonwhite immigration to the country; heavy backlash was on Chinese and other Asian immigrants