Cell Biology
Why are electron microscopes better than light microscopes?
Higher resolution
What is the role of bile?
Emulsifies lipids increasing the surface area increasing rate of enzyme action
What are the differences between arteries, veins and capillaries
Arteries High pressure thin lumen thick muscular walls
Vein Thin walls large lumen valves
Capillaries one cell thick to increase rate of gas exchange
Give 3 risk factors for CHD
Poor diet
Lack of exercise
Smoking
What are the functions of Xylem and Phloem?
Xylem transport water from roots to leaves by transpiration
Phloem transports nutrients and sugars from a source to a sink
What three organelles are only found in plant cells?
Chloroplast
Vacuole
Cell wall
Where is amylase made and what does it do?
Salivary glands and pancreas
Breaks down starch in to glucose
What are the adaptations of alveoli (any exchange surface)
Large surface area
Thin moist walls
Close blood supply
What is cancer and what is the difference between benign and malignant cancer?
Cancer is uncontrolled cell growth
Benign cancer cannot spread around the body but malignant can through bloodstream
How can the rate of transpiration be increased
Increased temperature
Decreased humidity (larger conc gradient)
Increased air flow (wind)
Increased light intensity
More stomata
What is the difference between eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells
Prokaryotic cells do not have a nucleus
What are villi and what do they do?
Finger like projections on small intestine, large surface area to increase rate of absorption
Structure and function of a red blood cell
Biconcave - larger surface area
No nucleus
Transports oxygen
Name 2 bacterial diseases and how can they be treated
Salmonella + Gonorrhoea
Antibiotics
Where are stem cells found in a plant?
Meristem
How many chromosomes do human diploid and haploid cells have?
Diploid 23 pairs (46)
Haploid 23
Describe the role of enzymes
Biological catalysts
Lock and key
Only break down specific substrates due to complementary shape of active site
Name the parts of heart blood passes through in order starting from where it enters
Vena cava
Right atrium
Right ventricle
Pulmonary artery to lungs
Pulmonary vein
Left atrium
Left ventricle
Aorta to body
Name 3 viral diseases
TMV
HIV
Measles
Explain the structure and function of the waxy cuticle, palisade mesophyll, spongey mesophyll and guard cells
Waxy cuticle waterproof to prevent evaporation
Palisade mesophyll lots of chloroplasts for photosynthesis
Spongey mesophyll site of gas exchange full of gaps to increase SA
Guard cells control opening and closing of stomata to let gases and water in and out
What are the differences between diffusion, osmosis and active transport?
Diffusion movement of particles from high concentration to low concentration
Osmosis movement of water from high to low concentration
Active transport against a concentration gradient using energy
What are the tests for
Starch
Sugar
Protein
Lipids
Starch - Iodine (orange to blue/black)
Sugar - Benendicts + Heat (blue to brick red)
Protein - Biuret (blue to purple)
Lipids - Ethanol + water (clear to cloudy emulsion)
How is the left side of thew heart different to the right and why?
Left side has thicker walls to pump blood around the body at a high pressure
Name a protist disease and a fungal disease
Protist - malaria (transmitted by vectors - mosquitoes)
Fungal - Rose black spot
What is the word and balanced symbol equation for photosynthesis
Carbon dioxide + water -> Glucose + oxygen
6CO2 + 6H20 -> C6H12O6 + 6O2