Medieval
What theory explained illness as an imbalance in bodily fluids?
The Four Humours
Who proved Galen wrong through detailed dissections and published The Fabric of the Human Body?
Andreas Vesalius
Who developed the first successful smallpox vaccination?
Edward Jenner
What discovery in 1928 transformed the treatment of infections?
Penicillin (Alexander Fleming)
What belief blamed disease on bad air?
Miasma theory
What institution controlled most medical learning in medieval Europe?
The Church
What invention helped spread new medical ideas quickly during the Renaissance?
The printing press
Who improved hospital hygiene during the Crimean War?
Florence Nightingale
What organisation was founded in 1948 to provide free healthcare in Britain?
The NHS (National Health Service)
What breakthrough made surgery less painful from the mid‑19th century?
Anaesthetics (e.g., ether, chloroform)
What event in 1348 caused mass death and panic across Britain?
The Black Death
Who discovered the circulation of the blood in 1628?
William Harvey
Who proved that germs cause disease?
Louis Pasteur (Germ Theory)
What technology allowed doctors to see inside the body without surgery?
X-rays (and later MRI/CT)
What long‑standing barrier slowed medical progress before scientific methods improved?
Reliance on tradition and old authorities (e.g., Galen)
Who was the most influential ancient doctor whose ideas dominated medieval medicine?
Galen
What factor limited the impact of Renaissance discoveries on everyday treatment?
Lack of effective practical cures/technology
Who discovered the anaesthetic properties of chloroform in 1847?
James Simpson
What disease was eradicated worldwide by 1980 due to vaccination?
Smallpox
What factor often pushed governments to improve public health?
Epidemics (e.g., cholera outbreaks)
What was the main medieval treatment approach based on astrology and superstition?
Using charms, prayers, and zodiac charts
What encouraged more scientific investigation during the Renaissance?
Humanism
What law marked the start of main government involvement in public health?
The Public Health Act of 1848
What major medical development in the 1960s allowed organs to be transplanted successfully?
Immunosuppressant drugs (e.g., cyclosporine)
Name the 6 factors which have affected the history of medicine (every right answer is 2500 points)
War, Luck/Chance, Government, Individual Genius, Science and Technology, Communication, and Religion