Classical (or Aristotelian) Rhetorical Strategy
The Aristotelian approach typically assumes that these three appeals will function as evidence for the argument.
What are ethos, pathos, and logos?
If we want to show someone why something is currently happening, we might need to make this kind of argument. For example, we might look at roots to understand how a tree is ultimately born.
What is a causal argument?
Hey, sometimes even I don't know everything (shocking, I know). If someone makes a good argument, I gotta accept it and do this to show I recognize the validity of their argument.
What is "concede?" (Concession is an acceptable answer)
Even ancient thinkers ensured they did their own research before making an argument. This part of the argument provides the audience with the necessary background information and context to the audience.
What is "narration?"
I say this paper is great! You say this paper is terrible! We might need to figure out what a "great paper" is by making this kind of argument.
What is a definition argument?
Rogerian argumentation emphasizes the need to carefully consider the values, wants, and needs of this group/individual.
What is the "audience?"
In this part of the argument, we lay out all the evidence and support for our claims.
What is "confirmation?"
After watching a movie, we might make this kind of argument (using accepted criteria, of course) to convince a friend to watch it.
What is an evaluative argument?
To avoid making a universal claim (which is typically easy to disprove), you might want to include these, which can be as simple as words like, "most," "usually," or "sometimes."
What are "qualifiers?"
EXAMPLE!
This verb that begins with an "R" means "to prove a statement or theory to be wrong or false," but, more broadly, it can also mean to address the opposition's counterarguments or objections.
What is "refute?"
Rogerian arguments work to find this, which considers both the speaker's claim and the other party's claim. We don't see a whole lot of this in US politics these days....
What is "middle ground" or "compromise?"
No, we're not talking about coffee. We're talking about what Toulmin defines as the data and reasoning that support a claim.
What are "grounds?"
EXAMPLE!
We typically call this part of an argument the "introduction," but ancient thinkers might call it this term that starts with an "E."
What is "exordium?"
For Toulmin, it is essential to anticipate and address counterarguments and conditions under which certain claims might not hold, so we would want to include these.
What are "rebuttals?"
In Toulmin argumentation, thinkers would use these to link data and other grounds to a claim. However, these are often not stated explicitly and might be questioned to ensure their logical foundations.
What are "warrants?"
EXAMPLE!