Claims
an argumentative statement that asserts something is true or false and can be objectively verified or disproven through evidence and data.
Claim of Fact
an argument or viewpoint that opposes the main claim. It is used to anticipate and address objections and to strengthen the overall argument.
counterargument
claim (the main argument), grounds (evidence or support for the claim), warrant (the reasoning connecting the grounds to the claim), backing (additional support or justification), qualifier (conditions or limitations on the claim), and rebuttal (addressing counterarguments or objections) IS WHAT TYPE OF ARGUMENT STRUCTURE?
Toulmin
presents a situation as if there are only two possible options or outcomes when, in reality, there may be more possibilities. This oversimplification can be used to manipulate or limit choices in an argument.
False dilemma (either/or) fallacy
someone assumes that because one event follows another, the first event caused the second. It overlooks the possibility of coincidence or other factors.
Cause/Effect (post hoc ergo propter hoc)
an argumentative statement that proposes a course of action, advocating for specific changes or solutions to a problem.
Claim of Policy
a logical method in which a specific conclusion is drawn from a general principle or premise. It begins with a broad statement or hypothesis and then uses specific evidence to arrive at a specific, logical conclusion.
Deductive Reasoning
seeks to find common ground and establish rapport between the speaker and the audience. It is characterized by a focus on understanding and respecting opposing viewpoints before presenting one's own perspective. This approach aims to create a cooperative and non-confrontational atmosphere for effective communication IS WHAT TYPE OF ARGUMENT?
Rogerian
someone relies on the opinions or endorsements of individuals who lack expertise or credibility in a particular subject to support their argument.
appeal to false authority
suggests that something is true or good because it is popular or widely accepted. It exploits the desire to conform to social norms.
hasty generalization
"Companies should be required to offer paid family leave to all employees," is an example of what claim?
Claim of Policy
"I see fireflies in my backyard every summer, so I will probably see fireflies in my backyard this summer," is an example of what reasoning?
Inductive
consists of an introduction (exordium), a narration of the issue (narration), a presentation of arguments and evidence (confirmation), a consideration of opposing viewpoints (refutation), and a conclusion (peroration). This approach is designed to persuade an audience by presenting a clear and logical argument IS WHAT TYPE OF ARGUMENT?
Classical
suggests that something is true or good because it is popular or widely accepted. It exploits the desire to conform to social norms.
ad populum (bandwagon)
an argument attacks the character, personality, or attributes of a person making the argument rather than addressing the argument itself.
ad hominem (name-calling)
an argumentative statement that expresses a judgment or opinion about the worth, significance, or morality of something.
Claim of Value
involves making a generalization or forming a hypothesis based on a set of specific observations or evidence. It does not guarantee a true conclusion but rather suggests a likely or probable one.
Inductive Reasoning
In classical argument, what is the name of the major part of a case in which arguments and evidence are developed?
Confirmation
a diversionary tactic used in an argument to distract the audience from the main issue by introducing unrelated or irrelevant information or arguments.
red herring
claims one event will inevitably lead to a chain of negative consequences without sufficient evidence. It exaggerates the potential consequences of an action.
slippery slope
"Traveling to national parks is a better vacation than going to the beach," is an example of what claim?
Claim of Value
"My state requires all lawyers to pass the bar to practice. If I do not pass the bar, I will not be able to represent someone legally," is an example of what kind of reasoning?
Deductive
Because (evidence), therefore (claim), since (assumption), on account of (backing), unless (reservation) is the order of what argument model?
Toulmin
the conclusion of an argument is restated in slightly different terms as one of the premises. It provides no new information and is uninformative.
circular reasoning
an argument misrepresents or exaggerates an opponent's position to make it easier to attack. It constructs a weaker version of the opposing argument and then refutes that version.
Strawman