Claims and Counterclaims
The writer’s or speaker’s position on a debatable issue or problem.
Claim
First; second; third; at once; after; before; during; finally; following; last; next
Sequence
a coherent series of reasons, statements, or facts intended to support or establish a point of view
Argument
An appeal to credibility, ethics, or moral principles
Ethos
Tells you what a section of the text will be about.
A statement that challenges or opposes the main claim.
Counterclaim
Alike; also; as opposed to; both; but; comparatively; conversely; different; however; instead of; on the other hand; while
Compare and contrast
facts, statistics, numerical data, quotations, specific examples, and expert opinions that support a claim
Evidence
An appeal to emotion
Pathos
Visuals that uses bars, lines, or slices to show data or numbers
Graphs
An explanation that states why others should accept a claim.
Reason
As a result; as such; because of; consequently; due to; for this reason; led to; since; so; therefore
Cause and effect
the state of being authentic and factually sound
Validity
An appeal to logic or reason
Logos
Explains what is in a picture
Caption
Claims are facts. True or false?
False, claims are conclusions drawn from facts.
On; at (date, time); earlier; eventually; next; after; now; presently; prior to; simultaneously
Chronological
a text that contains two argumentative essays with different points of view on the same topic
Point/Counterpoint
“Only a monster would ignore the suffering of abandoned pets.”
Which appeal?
Pathos
Words that are made thicker to point out they are important
Bold words
Identify the claim: “Schools should require uniforms because they reduce bullying.”
“Schools should require uniforms...”
Characteristics of; details; for example; for instance; includes; in particular; such as
Description
how well a claim is supported by reasoning and evidence, and how persuasively it is presented
Effectiveness
“According to heart surgeons, walking daily lowers your risk of disease.”
Which appeal?
Ethos
Shows how a text is arranged
Text structure