Parenting Styles
a child-rearing style in which parents are restrictive and demanding, yet communicative and warm
authoritative
Learning Disability
A group of disorders characterized by inadequate development of specific academic, language, and speech skills. When a child's performance is below expectations for age and intelligence without evidence of other handicaps
Concrete Operations
flexible, reversible thought concerning tangible objects and events
Piaget Moral Realism (Objective Morality)
The first stage in Piaget's cog dev theory of moral dev in this. +5 years old
Self-Esteem
The sense of value or worth that people attach to themselves. Impacted by Cognitive dev. Typically hits a low around 12-13, and after that low it continues to increase steadily
a child-rearing style in which parents demand submission and obedience from their children but are not very communicative and warm
authoritarian
what is Dyslexia and name some causes
A category of learning disabilities involving a severe impairment in the ability to read and spell.
Causes:
-Genes
-Neurological problems (angular gyrus- translates visual images into sounds)
- Phonological processing problems
-Double-deficit hypothesis
Class inclusion
Can now do this, understand hierarchies, subcategories
Immanent Justice
The view that a negative experiences is a direct consequence of wrongdoing (karma). Do not understand the difference between accidental and intentional wrong doing
Learned Helplessness
An acquired belief that one is unable to control one's environment
a child-rearing style in which parents are not controlling and restrictive but are warm
permissive-indulgent
what is ADHD and name some causes
Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder
A disability in which children consistently show one or more of the following characteristics: inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity.
Causes:
genes, cigarette smoking/drug use during pregnancy, exposure to teratogens during pregnancy, exposure to environmental toxins at a young age, low birth weight
Decentration
simultaneous focusing (centering) on more than one aspect or dimension of a problem or situation; Can now take into account many aspects of a problem, opens up ability to understand class inclusion and conversation
Autonomous Morality
Dev from interactions with parents, family, interactions that are modeled. +9-11 years old
what chemical does Stimulant medication alter the function of?
dopamine; block reabsorption of dopamine (slows brain down), however can have bad side effects (stunt growth, makes one feel like a zombie)
A child-rearing style in which parents are neither restrictive and controlling nor supportive and responsive
rejecting-neglecting
what is Dysgraphia
A learning disability that involves difficulty in handwriting
Makes errors in grammar and punctuation; shows difficulty organizing paragraphs, Shows anxiety and frustration when attempting to write; breaking pencils and rearing up assignments, Typically concurrent with dyslexia
Seriation
Placing objects in an order or series according to a property or trait
ex) Putting things in order. 6-7 year-olds will have to compare each each item
Erikson: Industry vs. Inferiority
4th stage of psychosocial dev occurring in middle childhood. Mastery of tasks leads to a sense of industry, whereas failure produces feelings of inferiority
Double-Deficit Hypothesis
The theory of dyslexia that suggests that dyslexia children have biological deficits in two areas: phonological processing (interpreting sounds) and naming speed
style with best results for child's self-esteem
Authoritative
what is Dyscalculia
Also known as developmental arithmetic disorder; a learning disability that involves difficulty in math computation.
Transitivity
Principle that if A is greater than B in a property, and B is greater than C, then A is greater than C
Name Kohlberg's Preconventional Levels of morality
preconventional (External type of morality. Choices governed by reward or punishment not because it is right)
conventional (Also external, based more on view of rules of society)
post conventional (internal moral compass, Kohlberg believed not everyone makes it to this level)
_____ % of children and adolescents in U.S. are overweight Involved both weight and body composition
16-25