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government-sponsored Filipino students who were sent to the United States to receive an education from 1903 to 1943
Pensionados
law which allowed Filipino students to study in the United States
Pensionado Act of 1903
What country funded the Pensionado program?
United States
What year did the Pensionados first arrive to the United States?
1903
What major American event in 1904 did the Pensionados participate in?
1904 St. Louis World's Fair
True or False: All Pensionados were men.
False; some Pensionados were women.
Pensionados were expected to return to which country?
Philippines 🇵đź‡
True or False: Pensionados were expected to stay and work in the U.S. after graduation.
False; They were expected to return and serve the Philippines.
True or False: The U.S. funded the Pensionado Program as a way to train future Filipino leaders.
True
Who was the governor that approved the Pensionado Act?
William Howard Taft
What year did the U.S. officially take control of the Philippines from Spain?
1898
What war followed after the U.S. refused to recognize Philippine independence?
The Philippine-American War
Why were Filipinos allowed to enlist in the U.S. Navy even though they weren’t U.S. citizens?
Because they were considered U.S. nationals
What kind of jobs were most Filipino sailors assigned to in the Navy during the early 20th century?
Mess management or steward roles—cooking, cleaning, serving officers
Name one major U.S. naval base in the Philippines used for recruitment.
Subic Bay or Cavite
What was the name of the Navy reform policies introduced by Admiral Zumwalt?
Z-grams
Why is the Navy-based Filipino migration sometimes left out of official “migration waves” in cultural studies?
It doesn’t fit traditional immigration models since it was through military service and not civilian visas
What shared experience helped build solidarity between Filipino and Black sailors?
Both groups were often limited to the same service roles and faced racism
How did U.S. Navy service create opportunities for Filipino families to migrate and settle in the U.S.?
Sailors could eventually bring family over, creating communities in port cities like Vallejo, San Diego, and Norfolk
What was the long-term impact of Filipino Navy migration on U.S. society?
It helped form permanent Filipino-American communities and contributed to U.S. military labor and diversity.