Fallacies
If I don't get an A on this then I won't get into college.
Slippery Slope
The 3 rhetorical appeals
Pathos, Ethos, Logos
define enthymeme
claim and reason
What is a negative definition?
defining what something is not
1. call for change in response to a problem
2. focus on the future
3. center on the audience
I don't want to talk about how dumb he is but he did get an F on that test.
Paralipsis
Define Kairos
Timeliness of an argument, most opportune moment.
Find the warrant: you shouldn't cheat on a test because you wont know the information in the future
its more important to learn
What is a definition by example?
defining a class by listing its individual members
practical proposal vs policy proposal
Practical proposal- solve some kind of local problem within a community
Policy Proposal- solve some kind of major social, economic, or political problems affecting the common good
According to my friend, I don't have to write my history essay.
False Authorities
What is the focus of the 3 rhetorical appeals
Logos- Message/Subject
Ethos- Writer
Pathos- Audience
whats the difference between grounds and backing in the toulmin model
grounds support the reason
backing supports the warrent
is this a qualitative or quantitative evaluation?
"I took vitamins every day for a decade. Then I found out they're useless."
qualitative evaluation
name the 3 kinds of causal arguments.
1. state cause and examine its effects
2. state effect and trace back to cause
3. moves through a series of links
You haven't even finished high school; how could you possibly know enough about that topic?
Ad Hominem
Give 3 examples of types of logos.
Facts, statistics, reasons, witness testimonies, graphs and charts, polls and surveys, etc.
structure of deductive logic in which correctly formed premises lead to a necessary conclusion
What is an operational definition?
Identify an object/idea by what it does or conditions that create it.
define precipitating cause
brings on a change
Begging the Question
Why do you need to use pathos carefully in an argument?
If used incorrectly, the audience may be more likely to immediately disagree with your argument. Especially with a sensitive topic, you have to make sure that you don't rub someone the wrong way.
Identify the warrant and provide 2 possible grounds for the claim:
School should begin later in the day because students will perform better.
Warrant: More sleep = better performance
Grounds: Facts/statistics about schools that have done this, personal anecdotes, surveys.
Define criteria of evaluation
Standards we establish for judging anything.
define proximate cause
immediately present or visible cause of action