Other
What are the early, middle, and late eight sounds
Early: m,n,j,b,w,d,p,h
Middle: t, k, ing, g, f, v, ch, dge
Late: sh, dge, l, r, s, z, th, and clusters
What theory is based on underlying rules?
Generative phonology
What are some risk factors?
Family history, gender, stuttering trends, duration of the stutter, age of onset, disfluency type, disfluency length
What is the purpose of stuttering modification?
To reduce negative reactions, decrease sensitivity, and increase feelings of control
In neurogenic stuttering is there secondary behaviors?
No, there are none.
What are the most common phonological processes
Cluster reduction, final consonant deletion, gliding, fronting, weak syllable deletion, stopping
What theory is based on the segmental and suprasegmentals?
nonlinear phonology
What are stuttering like disfluencies and non-stuttering like disfluencies?
Stuttering like: part/sound/syllable repetitions, blocks, prolongations, breathing
Non-stuttering like: interjections, revisions, and phrase repetitions
What is fluency enhancing strategies?
decrease tension, control timing, and to facilitate fluent speech
What is the treatment for neurogenic stuttering?
Biofeedback, delayed auditory feedback, and drugs/medical intervention
what are the least common phonological processes?
assimilation, devoicing, deaffrication, depalatalization, metathesis, pre-voicing, and epenthesis
What are the linguist models
generative phonology, natural phonology, nonlinear phonology, optimality, sonority
What is a comprehensive fluency assessment?
1.Fluency count
2.Pressure dialogue
3.awareness, reactions, and struggles
4. Environmental impact
5. Speech/language assessment in three contexts
what are some examples of stuttering modification?
cancellation, pull out, easy stuttering, catching the stutter, relaxing the stutter
what events trigger stuttering?
Singing, accent, whispering, and scripts
What is manner, place, and voice?
Manner is the degree of constriction
Place is where the constriction of air flow occurs
Voice is if the larynx vibrates or not
What is the behavior model?
It is based on operant conditioning
A Verbatim transcription includes what?
Frequency and duration, and the severity of stuttered events
What are some example of fluency enhancing strategies?
decreasing the rate, easy onset, light contacts, deep belly breathing, pausing, stretched speech
What is recovery look like in psychogenic?
The recovery is typically quick
What is an allophone?
"tip" and "little" both have /t/ phonemically the same but sound different
There are 4 stages of speech acquisition:
1.Foundations of speech
2.From words to speech
3.Growth of the inventory
4. Mastery of speech and literacy
What are Van Ripers 4 tracks?
Phase I (preschool period)- of little concern
Phase II (elementary school)- chronic, consider themselves a stutter but no concern
Phase III (late childhood)- CWS anticipate their stuttering and carry negative reactions
Phase IV (adolescence and adulthood)- shame and avoidance, and strong emotional reaction to their listener
what stuttering modification promotes awareness of the stutter?
catching the stutter
Would neurogenic or psychogenic stutter when singing, speaking in unison, or when using delated auditory feedback?
Psychogenic