Cells
Which specific part of the cell are ribosomes made?
nucleolus
Describe the difference between alpha glucose and beta glucose.
Alpha glucose has hydroxyl (OH) group of first carbon (1C) below the structure while beta glucose has OH group of 1C above the structure.
Give two descriptions of induced-fit hypothesis.
*active site changes shape to fit the substrate.
*substrate can sometimes change shape to fit the active site.
*shows specificity.
state the three phases of interphase in order and the four stages of mitosis in order (not including cytokinesis)
interphase: G1, S phase, G2
mitosis: prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase
give the three parts if a nucleotide
phosphate group, pentose sugar, nitrogenous base
Give one similarity and one difference in the structure of Rough ER and Smooth ER.
Both are made of flattened sacs called cisternae.
Rough ER has ribosomes, Smooth ER doesn't.
Give the three parts of a phospholipid molecule.
Phosphate head, glycerol, fatty acid tails.
Describe the activity of an enzyme based on its Km.
*The lower the Km, the higher the enzyme affinity to its substrate and vice versa.
Give three structures found in a chromosome.
gene or DNA, centromere, telomere, histone
DNA has double strand, RNA has single strand.
DNA has deoxyribose, RNA has ribose.
DNA has thymine, RNA has Uracil.
What is an extra layer outside the cell walls of bacterial cells which protects them from being destroyed by antibiotics?
capsule
Name all the bonds that hold together the tertiary structure of a protein.
Describe the effect of increasing substrate concentration against competitive inhibitor and against non competitive inhibitor.
*will defeat competitive inhibitor
*no effect on non-competitive inhibitor
Give three more importance of mitosis aside from growth.
*replacement of dead cells
*damaged tissue repair
*asexual reproduction
Give the five enzymes involved in DNA replication
topoisomerase, helices, DNA polymerase, primase, ligase
Name the three main components of a virus particle.
Genetic material (DNA or RNA), protein coat (capsize), envelope
Give the four main parts of an amino acid.
*central carbon, amino group, carboxyl group, R group (side chain)
Explain what happened when the enzyme reaction rate has reached its maximum velocity of Max.
all active sites of enzymes in the solution was occupied by substrate.
Cancer cell is different from normal cell because its DNA has mutated. State one other difference between cancer cell and normal cell. (difference should not be structural)
Cancer cells divide uncontrollably.
Make two descriptions of frameshift mutation.
*Can be due to addition(insertion) or deletion.
*Reading frame for transcription is changed.
Describe the difference between magnification and resolution.
Magnification is how many times bigger a specimen viewed compared to its original size while resolution is ability to distinguish between to objects close together in a field of view.
Give ONE similarity and TWO differences between the structure of amylose and cellulose.
*both made of glucose monomer
*both unbranched
*amylose made of alpha glucose, cellulose made of beta-glucose
*amylose forms spiral chain, cellulose forms straight chain
*each beta glucose rotates 180 degrees in cellulose, in amylose alpha glucose don't rotate
What is the substrate in a catalase reaction and what are the products?
substrate: hydrogen peroxide
products: water and oxygen
State how many chromosomes does a human body cell have at the end of S phase, during G2, Mitosis, and G1 phase.
92,92,92,46
Give three differences between transcription and translation.
*Transcription is mRNA synthesis, translation is polypeptide synthesis
*Transcription occurs in nucleus, translation in ribosome.
*transcription has DNA as template, translation has mRNA as template.