Alkanes
What is the process where an alkane is made into a shorter alkane and alkene?
Cracking
What is a halogenoalkane? (Give an example formula)
An alkane with at least one halogen atom in place of a hydrogen
What is the general formula for an alkene?
CnH2n
What is the name for the reaction that produces an alkene from an alcohol?
Dehydration (or elimination of water)
What is a substitution reaction?
A chemical reaction during which one functional group in a chemical compound is replaced by another functional group
What conditions are needed for chlorination of alkanes?
UV light (and chlorine)
What is the name of the reaction that produces an alkene from a halogenoalkane?
Elimination
What are the two types of reaction that alkenes commonly undergo?
Electrophilic addition and addition polymerisation
What conditions are needed for the dehydration (elimination of water) of an alcohol?
Acid catalysis (e.g. H2SO4, H3PO4) and reflux
Why do iodoalkanes react faster than fluoroalkanes in a nucleophilic substitution reaction?
C-I has the weakest bond enthalpy, so it requires the least energy to break.
What are the conditions for thermal cracking?
High temperature (1000 °C) and pressure (70 atm)
What conditions are needed to make a nitrile (CN group) from a halogenoalkane?
Warm ethanolic potassium cyanide and reflux
What is Markovnikov's rule for asymmetrical electrophilic addition with HX?
The hydrogen (H) gets attached to the carbon with more hydrogen substituents, and the halide (X) group gets attached to the carbon with more alkyl substituent.
What would you do to produce an aldehyde from a primary alcohol?
Acidified potassium dichromate
Heat and distillation
Draw an example nucleophilic substitution mechanism, with ammonia and bromoethane.
(Correctly drawn mechanism)
Why can this give a mixture of products?