Movement Analysis
Nutrition
Lung Function
Cardiovascular
Health and Fitness
100
Name the muscle which causes flexion at the knee joint.
Hamstrings
100
What does BMR stand for?
Basal metabolic rate.
100
Define tidal volume.
The amount of air breathed in or out in one breath.
100
Name the nerves through which messages are sent to either speed up or slow down heart rate.
To speed up is the sympathetic system (sympathetic nerve) and to slow down is the parasympathetic system (vagus nerve).
100
Name all of the components of skill related fitness.
Coordination, reaction time, agility, balance.
200
Name the muscle which causes dorsi flexion in the ankle joint.
Tibialis anterior
200
Name 3 ways in which body fat percentage can be calculated.
Bioelectrical impedance, skinfold calipers, water submersion.
200
The alveoli provide the lungs with a large surface area for diffusion. Name two other structural features of the lungs that assist diffusion.
Permeability of alveoli (partially permeable membrane), short distance from alveoli to capillary, slow movement of blood through capillaries, moisture layer enhancing the uptake of oxygen.
200
Define cardiac output and state how it is calculated.
The amount of blood leaving the heart (left ventricle) per minute. Calculated by stroke volume X heart rate.
200
Name all of the components of health related fitness.
Speed, stamina, strength, muscular endurance, flexibility, power.
300
Which two words can be used to describe the muscle contraction taking place during when lifting the weight in a bicep curl?
Isotonic concentric
300
Name all of the components of a healthy diet.
Carbohydrates, fats, proteins, minerals, vitamins, fibre, water.
300
Give three points to explain the mechanics of breathing for inspiration.
Diaphragm contracts and flattens, intercostal muscles contract to lift ribs up and out, thoracic area increases, this causes decrease in air pressure in lungs, air moves from higher pressure in atmosphere to lower pressure in lungs. Active process.
300
Name three short term effects of exercise on the heart.
Heart rate increases. Stroke volume increases. This is due to Starling’s Law. Cardiac output increases.
300
Which components of fitness are combined to produce power?
Speed and strength
400
Name the joint action and main agonists involved in the shoulder joint when swinging a racket forwards to strike the ball during a ground stroke in tennis.
Joint action is horizontal flexion. Main agonists are pectorals and anterior deltoids.
400
Name two advantages and two disadvantages of fat in an athletes diet.
Advantages include: low intensity energy source and carrier of fat soluble vitamins. Disadvantages include: increased weight, decreased flexibility, overheating, heart disease, high blood pressure, diabetes etc.
400
Give three points to explain how increases in levels of carbon dioxide and acidity in the blood cause breathing rate to rise.
Detected by chemoreceptors, message sent to respiratory centre in medulla oblongata, activation of sympathetic nerve, causes increased rate of contraction of diaphragm and intercostal muscles.
400
Give three causes of the Bohr shift and explain the main result of this shift.
Caused by increase in (blood/body) temperature, increase in blood carbon dioxide concentration (PCO2), increase in blood acidity/decrease in pH. Resulting in reduced affinity of haemoglobin with oxygen which means O2 released to muscle site more readily.
400
State four lifestyle choices that can have an effect upon our health and fitness.
Diet, exercise, alcohol intake, smoking.
500
Explain the order of each aspect of a first, second, and third class lever and give an example of an exercise for each.
FRE (First class lever has fulcrum in the middle, second class lever has resistance in the middle, third class lever has effort in the middle). First class found in elbow joint during tricep extensions, second class found in ankle joint during calf raises, third class found in elbow joint during bicep curls.
500
Why do people engaged in physical activity need to make sure that they eat foods containing sufficient iron and calcium? (at least one reason for each)
Iron – formation of haemoglobin in red blood cells to transport oxygen around the body, aids metabolism, aids the immune system. Calcium – needed to strengthen bones, involved in nerve and muscle function.
500
Give four points to explain how oxygen is taken up by haemoglobin from the lungs and released at the muscle site.
Air in lungs has high PO2 (partial pressure of oxygen). Low PO2 in deoxygenated blood returning to lungs. Concentration gradient means oxygen passes from alveoli into blood stream. Same occurs at muscle site where there is a high PO2 in bloodstream and low PO2 in muscle cells. O2 in muscle cells has been used for muscle contractions. Gases pass across a partially permeable membrane. Carbon dioxide transported by the same process but in the opposite direction at each site (e.g. low PCO2 in oxygenated blood and high PCO2 in muscle cells).
500
Describe how the cadiac cycle causes the heart to beat (four points needed).
Electrical impulse initiated at SAN. Impulse spreads through the atria causing contraction of both atria. Impulse picked up by AVN. Impulse spreads through septum in the bundle of His. Impulse then spreads through ventricles in Purkinje fibres causing ventricular contraction.
500
Define the terms coordination and balance.
Coordination is a balanced and effective interaction of movements or body actions. Balance is the ability to maintain equilibrium.
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