Control Stations
Data Links
Data Links Part 2
Payloads
Payloads Part 2
Human Factors
Human Factors Part 2
Even More Human Factors
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The type of control station which makes the operator feel as though they are within the aircraft looking outside
Egocentric
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Two types of UAS/GCS data links are Line of Sight (LOS) and...
Beyond Line of Sight
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A transmitter takes in the modulated signal and outputs this
an amplified RF transmisson
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Electromagnetic interference can sometimes overwhelm this when it has sufficient power
The actual intended signal
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Intelligence, Surveillance and Reconnaissance is greatly enabled by this type of payload
Gimbaled sensor payload
A gimbal is a pivoted support that permits rotation of an object about an axis
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The cognitive bias in which one believes that an event is more predictable after it becomes known than before it became known
Hindsight Bias
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The Internalized Mental Model of current state of flight environment
Situational Awareness
"A little SA goes a long way"
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Lack of vestibular (inner ear) cues and peripheral vision hinders a UAS pilot's ability to
Experience such sensations as motion and sink rate
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Sometimes this is used as a pointing device if a UAS doesn't use physical controls on the control station
Trackball
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How communications between the UAS and GCS work in "BLOS" operations
Line of sight is maintained by other links, often satellites
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Spread Spectrum is what?
- hops between frequencies in pseudo-random fashion
- Spreads energy across a bandwidth rather than a single frequency
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The process of measuring or gathering data on an object or phenomenon from a distance
Remote Sensing
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What does a point cloud allow a user to do?
Manipulate data in three dimensions
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A problem with visual displays that makes it difficult to assess an in-flight maneuver
Distortion
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The consistency between expectation and reality in a human-machine interface
Compatibility
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Type of control station in which pilot is outside and flies with direct visual observation of the aircraft
External Pilot
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Electromagnetic waves propagate outward from a source antenna. This outward movement through free space allows wireless communication and is called...
Radiation
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A hypothetical antenna that radiates in all directions
Isotropic Radiator
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Two categories of sensors
Active and Passive
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The Normalized Difference Vegetative Index (NDVI) uses which two bands to create a picture of crop health?
Red and Near Infrared (NIR) bands
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Sequential scanning or sampling of information sources is called
Selective Attention
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The UAS and aviation world, long periods of Low Workload interspersed with short periods of high workload are common on
Long Duration Missions
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Daily Double: control system on an aircraft that induces roll
Aileron
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When the control station is located on a ship at sea
Seaborne control station
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Reflection and refraction
Reflection: When an wave bounces off an object
Refraction: When a wave passes through a medium
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the signal-to-noise ratio sufficient for a signal to be picked up and demodulated is called the:
Receiver Sensitivity
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The radiation source in Short Wave Infrared and Near Infrared imaging is
The sun
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Common passive sensors
Infrared or electro-optical
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Overall Strategy and Planning Errors
Inadequate monitoring of information systems
Poor technical execution of a skill
Sources of human error/nature of human error
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Automation can create this
Loss of expertise, degraded manual performance, complacency
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The elements of an effective training program for UAS pilots should include:
Experienced instructors
Well-defined standards
Effective evaluation process
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The parts of the GCS that the human interacts with
Human-Machine Interface
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Multipath signals can have this type of interference
Destructive and Constructive
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Thermal Noise, Intermodulation Noise, Crosstalk
Sources of noise in a wireless communication system
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Payload technology that uses a laser beam and is extremely effective at measuring distance
LIDAR (Laser Detection and Ranging)
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Common Active Sensors
RADAR or LIDAR
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Transitioning to a new system with a SIMILAR layout--and applying your previous skills in this new setting--can cause this
Negative Transfer
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UAS pilots are more likely to suffer from these things
Chronic Fatigue, Emotional Exhaustion, Burnout, Impaired domestic relationships
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24025G49KT 10SM BKN065 BKN080
In this METAR Fragment, find Wind Speed & Direction, and cloud ceiling
25 knots gusting to 49 knots from 240 degrees, 6500 ft ceiling
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Performing repetitive tasks
What machines are good for.
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Information is combined with an RF carrier signal in a process called:
Modulation
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The primary source of losses in a datalink
Propagation Loss
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A type of RADAR sensor in which the RADAR pulse is combined with the movement of the sensor (on an aircraft) to create a 2-D or 3-D image of returning echoes
Synthetic Aperture Radar, or SAR
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Your cell phone uses this as its primary digital image sensor
Charge Coupled Device
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Administrative Procedures, Supervisory Controls, Preconditions, Operator Actions
Layers of Defense against errors
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A source of stress for UAS pilots
Absence of physical sensation
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What is a switchology error?
Pressing a button or switch which had an effect different than what you intended