Altered States of Consciousness
Self Assessment
Who said it?
mapping states of consciousness
100
What is one definition of an altered state of consciousness?
Temporary change in the overall pattern of subjective experience, to the point where it is different from a normal state of consciousness.
100
What is altered in an ASC
the 3 main variables that change in ASC are memory, attention, and arousal. Alternatively, there is Farthing's list.
100
Who said " If the doors of perception were cleansed, everything will appear to man as it is, infinite" ?
William Blake
100
who was the first psychophysiologist to attempt the systematic mapping of states of consciousness?
Charles T. Tart
200
What are the possible ways to define Altered States of Consciousness objectively?
By measuring how the ASC is induced(drug consumption or hypnosis), or by measuring physiological changes like heart rate.
200
What is List the main categories of psychoactive drugs
stimulants CNS depressants narcotics anti-depressants anti-psychotics psychedelics anesthetics
200
Who stated " For thousands of years people of all cultures have used psychoactive substances to induce special states of consciousness"?
Metzinger (2009)
200
How did tart systematically map states of consciousness?
Tart described a space consisting of two dimensions: irrationality and the ability to hallucinate. By plotting a person's position in this space he imagined three major clusters corresponding to states of dreaming dreaming , lucid dreaming and ordinary consciousness.
300
What is the problem with defining ASC objectively?
It is unsatisfactory to simply categorize them based on how they're induced, or ASC doesn't have unique physiological changes.
300
What is the objective definition for ASCs
they can be defined by how they are induced, the dosage, and by physiology or behavioral measures.
300
Who claimed that our "normal waking consciousness... is but one special type of consciousness, whilst all about it, parted from it by the filmiest of screens, there lie potential forms of consciousness entirely different." ?
James (1902)
300
What are the dimensions of Laureys multidimensional space?
Laureys multidimensional space consists of the level of arousal(wakefulness) and awareness of environment and self(content of consciousness) .
400
What's one problem with defining ASC subjectively?
Person X's subjective experience with ASC may be different from person Y's subjective experience.
400
What is Describe the mode of action and psychological effects of MDMA
The drug MDMA has three main effects in the brain. It inhibits serotonin reuptake, and induces the release of serotonin and dopamine. Given that it’s a designer drugs, it has amphetamine-like and psychedelic effects, like increased energy, enhancement of tactile and other sensations, and enhanced or increased feelings of love. The effects depend on the setting in which they are taken. At a party the music can give one extra energy to dance or party all night and lights can add to its effects. MDMA can also be used to enhance intimacy and sexual relations and some use it to solve personal problems. If its taken in a beautiful environment setting, people can feel as if they are part of or one with their surroundings. MDMA use leads to a tolerance build up can be addictive and cause long term damage to serotonin receptors.
400
Who was the believer that " a qualitative alteration in the overall pattern of mental functioning, such that the experiencer feels his consciousness is radically different from the way it functions ordinarily" ?
Tarte (1972)
400
what is aim model and how can it measure consciousness?
The AIM model is a three - dimensional map developed by Allan Hobson and named after three dimensions ( Activation, Input-output gating, and Modulation). The aim model can be used to measure consciousness through EEG.
500
The three major variables that often change during ASC
Attention, Memory and Arousal
500
Explain the idea of state specific sciences.
as Tart explained, just like SOC have different rules, logics, and ways of seeing the world, experts or areas of science that specifically focus on a particular SOC are needed.
500
This person said that "people think marijuana can enhance some visual processes, and laboratory research suggests it actually impairs some of them" ?
Earleywine (2002)
500
what is meant by discrete states of consciousness?
according to Charles Tart, a unique pattern of one's overall mental functioning at any given time, such as ordinary waking or dream.
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