Unit 1: Renaissance and Exploration
What intellectual movement focused on human potential and achievements during the Renaissance?
Humanism
Who started the Protestant Reformation by posting the 95 Theses?
Martin Luther
What French king was known as the "Sun King" and built the Palace of Versailles?
Louis XIV
Who proposed the heliocentric theory, stating the sun is the center of the universe?
Nicolaus Copernicus
What term describes the wealthy patrons, such as the Medici family, who funded Renaissance art and architecture?
Patronage
Who painted the Mona Lisa and The Last Supper?
Leonardo da Vinci
What was the Catholic Church practice of selling forgiveness of sins?
Indulgences
What 1648 treaty ended the Thirty Years' War and established state sovereignty?
Peace of Westphalia
What scientist used a telescope to confirm the heliocentric theory?
Galileo Galilei
Who led the Swiss Reformation, advocating for changes like the removal of relics and icons in churches?
Ulrich Zwingli
Which family dominated the political and cultural scene in Florence during the Renaissance?
The Medici family
What was the first Protestant faith founded by Martin Luther?
Lutheranism
What type of government limits the monarch’s power through laws or a constitution?
Constitutional monarchy
What English scientist wrote Principia Mathematica and developed the law of gravity?
Isaac Newton
What type of monarchy centralizes all power in the hands of the king, often justified by divine right?
Absolutism
What artistic technique created depth by showing objects farther away as smaller?
Perspective
Who founded Calvinism and promoted the idea of predestination?
John Calvin
What English king was executed during the English Civil War?
Charles I
Who advocated for empiricism and the scientific method?
Francis Bacon
What Italian explorer, funded by Spain, reached the Americas in 1492?
Christopher Columbus
Which Renaissance writer authored The Prince, a guide for rulers?
Niccolò Machiavelli
What 1555 agreement allowed German princes to choose between Catholicism and Lutheranism?
Peace of Augsburg
What was the period of William and Mary’s rise to power called?
Glorious Revolution
What 17th-century French philosopher stated, “I think, therefore I am”?
René Descartes
Who was the Renaissance author of The Book of the Courtier, describing the ideal gentleman?
Baldassare Castiglione
What was the name of the 1494 agreement dividing the New World between Spain and Portugal?
Treaty of Tordesillas
What religious group advocated adult baptism and separation of church and state?
Anabaptists
What economic policy sought to maximize exports and accumulate gold and silver?
Mercantilism
What scientist discovered the circulation of blood?
William Harvey
What was the name of the 1521 assembly where Martin Luther was declared an outlaw by Charles V?
Diet of Worms
Who was the Portuguese explorer who rounded the Cape of Good Hope in 1488?
Bartolomeu Dias
Which religious order was founded by Ignatius of Loyola to counter the Reformation?
Jesuits
Who wrote Leviathan, advocating for a strong central authority?
Thomas Hobbes
What was the intellectual movement emphasizing reason and individualism?
The Enlightenment
What was the name of Peter the Great’s program to modernize and westernize Russia?
Westernization
What invention by Johannes Gutenberg helped spread Renaissance and Reformation ideas?
The printing press
What was the Catholic Church’s response to the Reformation, marked by the Council of Trent?
Counter-Reformation
What event in 1688 ensured the supremacy of Parliament over the monarchy in England?
The Glorious Revolution
What Polish astronomer challenged the geocentric model of the universe?
Nicolaus Copernicus
What 1687 work by Isaac Newton laid the foundations for classical mechanics?
Principia Mathematica
What term describes the blending of Christianity and humanist principles in thinkers like Erasmus?
Christian Humanism
What 1572 event saw the massacre of French Huguenots?
St. Bartholomew’s Day Massacre
Who was the French finance minister under Louis XIV who promoted mercantilism?
Jean-Baptiste Colbert
What 16th-century work by Vesalius revolutionized human anatomy?
De humani corporis fabrica
What artistic style emerged after the Renaissance, known for its dramatic emotion and movement?
Baroque
What movement was sparked by the rediscovery of Greco-Roman texts and ideas?
The Renaissance
What English monarch established the Anglican Church after breaking with the Pope?
Henry VIII
What was Peter the Great’s main goal for Russia?
Westernization
What scientific theory opposed traditional Church teachings during this era?
Heliocentrism
What group of radical Protestants in England sought to “purify” the Church of England from Catholic practices?
Puritans