Probable Cause
Traffic stop. 1 ounce of Meth in plain view and cash beside it.
What justifies seizure?
Probable cause to seize as drug proceeds
Kentucky forfeiture tied to violations of what chapter?
KRS Chapter 218A
Primary federal drug forfeiture statute?
21 USC § 881
Vehicle transporting drugs is forfeitable as what?
Instrumentality of trafficking
Forfeiture cases are civil or criminal?
Civil
K‑9 alert. $12K hidden in door panel. No drugs.
Is seizure justified?
Probable cause may exist but needs additional indicators
Seizures reported to which state office?
Kentucky Office of Drug Control Policy
Money laundering forfeiture statute?
18 USC § 981
Car titled to parent but used by dealer raises what defense?
Innocent owner defense
Property itself is the defendant — called what type of action?
In rem action
Suspect admits cash is from selling oxycodone.
Legal basis?
Direct evidence of drug proceeds
What type of court action finalizes forfeiture?
Civil judicial forfeiture action
Local seizure adopted federally is called what?
Federal adoption
Meth lab in house makes property forfeitable as what?
Facilitating property
Owners must receive what constitutional protection?
Due process / notice
Cash seized only because it is a large amount.
Valid?
Insufficient probable cause
Owner can recover property by proving what?
Lack of knowledge or consent
Program returning funds to local agencies?
Equitable sharing
Rental car company typically protected as what?
Innocent owner
No claim filed — property forfeited by what process?
Administrative forfeiture
Cash bundled with ledgers during search warrant.
Seizable as what?
Drug trafficking proceeds
Statute governing distribution of proceeds?
KRS 218A.435
Burden of proof in civil forfeiture?
Preponderance of the evidence
House bought entirely with drug money is what type of asset?
Drug proceeds property
Charges dismissed but forfeiture continues because it is what?
Separate civil action