This is a response caused primarily by mast cells that is generally seen 4-6 hours after the original allergen re-exposure.
What is the late phase response? It occurs do to the induced mediators such as LTs formed by the mast cells.
100
Every patient should have one of these as a part of their asthma treatment. It contains individualized patient goals and allows the patient to feel more empowered with their own asthma self-management
What is an asthma action plan?
100
This medication should be prescribed to all patients with asthma to use as needed
What is a rescue inhaler or salbutamol/levalbuterol? SABAs, basically.
100
salbutamol and levalbuterol act on these receptors in the smooth muscle of the pulmonary system. Thus they are in this class of medications _________
What is B2 adrenergic receptors? What is short-acting beta2 agonists or SABAs?
100
A younger patient is diagnosed with mild persistant asthma and her mother does not want the patient to start on a daily scheduled inhaler since she is already on PRN salbutamol. This alternative medication will allow the patient to swallow or chew a pill to treat their asthma.
What are Leukotriene inhibitors (montelukast)?
200
This is the amount of change that must be seen on PFTs pre-bronchodilator to post-bronchodilator in order to diagnose a patient as having asthma.
What is > or = 12%? hence, showing reversible bronchoconstriction is present
200
This is the major difference between asthma and COPD.
What is the response to a bronchodilator or reversible airway obstruction?
200
These medications are not used as monotherapy in asthma due to increased risk of asthma exacerbations, however they are oftentimes seen as monotherapy in COPD. You will generally see them prescribed with an ICS when treating asthma.
What is a Long-acting B2 adrenergic agonist (LABA)?
200
These medications act on muscarinic receptors blocking their release of ACh in the respiratory tract. Name 2 medications from this class.
What are anticholingerics? Ipratropium and tiotropium
200
A 15 YOM patient has just been diagnosed with mild-persistent asthma. This would be the recommended treatment of choice.
What is a low-dose ICS and SABA for PRN use?
300
These are 2 additional labs that may be taken to assist in diagnosing a patient with atopic asthma. Although not necessary, in most patients there may be an elevation in one or both of these labs.
What is serum IgE and eosinophils?
300
A patient with an FEV1 of less than this percent is considered to have a severe exacerbation requiring hospitalization.
What does it mean when an asthma patient has FEV1 of 40% or less of expected?
300
This class of drug is used to treat muscle pains, headaches etc. and is found to trigger asthma attacks in some by elevating leukotriene levels.
What are NSAIDs?
300
This class of medications increases the response to SABAs as well as reduces inflammation, decreases airway hyperresponsiveness, and mucus production.
What is an ICS?
300
A 25 YOM patient is diagnosed with severe persistent asthma. This would be the preferred treatment of choice.
What is high-dose ICS+LABA?
400
Inhaled antigens induce a response from this type of immune cell which ultimately leads to an increase in pro-inflammatory cytokines.
What is a Th2 or CD4 cell?
400
The primary etiologies of asthma (there are TWO).
What is genetic and environmental factors?
400
This medication is less commonly prescribed today due to the requirement of drawing serum levels. It is generally a last line option for patients who have failed other therapies.
What is theophylline?
400
Theophylline leads to bronchodilation by inhibiting this receptor.
What is PDE or phophodiesterase?
400
A patient is presenting with the following:
- symptoms of asthma daily
- 2/week nighttime awakenings
- daily SABA use
- Some limitation on physical activity
- 2 exacerbations in the last year
She would be classified as this type of asthma.
What is moderate persistent asthma?
500
These are the 3 hallmark characteristics of asthma.
What is airway hyperresponsiveness, inflammation, and airway obstruction?
500
These are 3 common S/Sx that a patient with newly diagnosed chronic asthma may present with.
Any of:
What is dyspnea, wheezing, dry cough, chest tightness?
500
This medication is considered an alternative to standard asthma therapy. Although not as effective as a SABA for prophylaxis, it can be given 1-2 hours prior to exercise or allergen exposure to minimise mast cell activity.
What are mast cell stabilisers (cromoglycate)?
500
This class of medications binds to IgE to help attenuate the early and late phase response.
BONUS: This medication is _________
What is a monoclonal antibody? What is omalizumab?
500
A severe, life threatening episode of airway obstruction which intensifies once it begins and doesn't respond to common therapy