🦴 Functional Anatomy
Name the three types of muscle fibre.
Type I, Type IIa, Type IIb
What is the primary fuel source during high-intensity exercise?
Carbohydrate or glycogen
Define impulse.
Force × time
Define positive transfer of learning.
When a previously learned skill enhances learning of a new skill
Name the five mental skills.
Stress, Motivation, Arousal, Concentration, Self-confidence
Which band of the sarcomere shortens during contraction, and which stays the same?
I-band shortens, A-band stays the same
Give one physiological benefit and one risk of caffeine use.
Benefit = increased alertness; Risk = anxiety or dehydration
State the conservation of momentum.
Total momentum before equals total momentum after if no external forces act
Name the five stages of the Knudsen–Morrison model.
Preparation, Observation, Evaluation, Intervention, Re-evaluation
Give an example of a relaxation technique.
Breathing, meditation, progressive muscle relaxation, listening to music
State the All-or-None Principle.
Once threshold is reached, all fibres in a motor unit contract fully
Name two adaptations from heat acclimatisation.
Earlier sweat onset, increased plasma volume
Explain how angular momentum is conserved in a diver’s tuck and extension.
Tuck decreases moment of inertia and increases angular velocity; extension increases moment of inertia and decreases angular velocity
Explain the difference between knowledge of results and knowledge of performance.
Knowledge of results is feedback about the outcome; Knowledge of performance is feedback about technique or execution
Differentiate between task cohesion and social cohesion.
Task cohesion is commitment to team goals; Social cohesion is enjoyment of being together
Explain how preferential recruitment works during high-intensity exercise.
Fast-twitch fibres are recruited first when higher force is required
Explain tapering and why it is used.
Reducing training load before competition to allow recovery and peak performance
Name the three types of drag
Surface drag, form drag, wave drag
What is the difference between shaping and chaining?
Shaping simplifies a skill and adds missing parts; Chaining breaks a skill into sequential parts and practises them in order
Define social loafing and give one strategy to reduce it.
Social loafing is reduced effort in a group; can be reduced with team contracts, smaller groups, or individual accountability
Describe the force–length relationship and give a sporting example.
Force varies depending on muscle length; mid-range = greatest force; example = vertical jump
List three symptoms of overtraining.
Chronic fatigue, frequent illness, decreased performance
Using Bernoulli’s Principle, explain how a discus generates lift.
Faster air over the top creates low pressure, slower air underneath creates high pressure, pressure difference produces lift
Compare authoritarian and democratic coaching styles, including when each is most effective.
Authoritarian is strict and effective for beginners or discipline; Democratic involves athletes in decision-making and is effective for experienced players
Explain how imagery can improve arousal control before performance.
Mental rehearsal builds confidence, focus, and reduces anxiety