Pathogenesis
This lipid-laden macrophage, formed when scavenger receptors engulf oxidized LDL, marks the fatty streak
What is a foam cell?
Name 3 of the patients risk factors for developing atherosclerosis
What are smoking, hypertension, dyslipidemia, obesity, alcohol, and sedentary work
An index measuring ankle versus brachial pressures and is first-line for PAD
What is ABI?
This lipoprotein may be retained in the vessel wall and trigger an inflammatory cascade.
What is LDL?
Rosuvastatin was switched from brand name to generic for this reason
This is the pivotal initiating step: impaired vasodilation, increased permeability, upregulated adhesion molecules
What is endothelial dysfunction?
This may be auscultated as the result of turbulent blood flow through a stenotic vessel
What is a bruit?
This is the ABI value at or below which PAD is diagnosed
What is ≤0.90
An asymmetric dimethyl arginine of 180 ng/mL may inhibit this enzyme.
Enalapril is in this class of medications
What are ACE inhibitors?
Migration and proliferation of these cells deposits matrix and builds the fibrous cap
The 4 primary components of the Ornish program
A test where pallor may be noticed in elevation and rubor in a dependent position
What contrast material may be used for MRA
Cilostazol improves walking distance but is contraindicated in this condition
What is heart failure?
These are the three major complications Dr. Simmons warned about
What are MI, stroke, and limb ischemia
The name of the patient in the case
Xavier Jones
This term is used to describe calf pain with activity that is relieved with rest
What is intermittent claudication?
MRA avoids this risk/exposure, as opposed to a CTA
This supplement may help with hypertriglyceridemia and low HDL
What is high-dose purified fish oil?
Symptoms appear only on exertion because plaque produces this kind of mismatch
What is supply-demand mismatch?
Formula for Poiseuille's Law
What is Q = π r4 ▲P / 8nL
One limitation of ABI and Buerger's test
What is false elevation in ABI 2/2 noncompressible arteries and reduced sensitivity in diabetes? What is operator-dependent, qualitative exam, and low sensitivity in mild disease?
These are findings that may be seen in an MRA of a patient with PAD (at least 2)
What are collateral vessels, stenosis, and poor distal runoff?
A common side effect of ACE inhibitors that is mediated by bradykinin
What is a dry cough?