Memory Stages
What are the three stages of memory in the Atkinson-Shiffrin Model?
Sensory Memory, Short-Term Memory, Long-Term Memory
What are the three key processes of memory in the model?
Encoding, Storage, Retrieval
Who developed the Atkinson-Shiffrin Model?
Richard Atkinson & Richard Shiffrin
How does repetition help students in learning?
It reinforces information in short-term memory, increasing the likelihood of it transferring to long-term memory
What is one strength of the Atkinson-Shiffrin Model?
It provides a structured framework for understanding how memory works
How long does information typically last in sensory memory?
Less than 2 seconds
What happens to information if it is not rehearsed in short-term memory?
It is lost within approximately 30 seconds
What psychologist proposed the Magic Number 7 ± 2 for STM?
George Miller
Why do we sometimes forget where we put our keys?
We fail to encode the information properly or experience retrieval failure
What is one limitation of the model?
It oversimplifies memory, assuming information flows in a linear way
What is the capacity of short-term memory according to George Miller?
7 ± 2 items
Which process is responsible for moving information from STM to LTM?
Encoding
What experiment by Peterson & Peterson showed the fragility of short-term memory?
The Brown-Peterson Task, where participants had to recall three-letter sequences after a distraction task
What is an example of using long-term memory in everyday life?
Remembering how to drive a car even after years without practice
Why is the linear structure of the model criticized?
Research suggests that STM and LTM interact more dynamically than a simple progression
What type of long-term memory includes personal experiences?
Episodic Memory
What is an example of retrieval failure in long-term memory?
The “tip of the tongue” phenomenon, when you know a word but can’t recall it
How did Baddeley & Hitch (1974) challenge the Atkinson-Shiffrin Model?
They proposed the Working Memory Model, which showed that STM has multiple components instead of being a single storage system
How can people improve encoding of new information?
By using elaborative rehearsal, making connections, and applying mnemonics
How did Baddeley’s Working Memory Model improve upon the Atkinson-Shiffrin Model?
It introduced multiple components of STM, including the phonological loop, visuospatial sketchpad, and central executive
What is the main purpose of short-term memory in the model?
To temporarily hold and manipulate information before it is transferred to long-term memory or forgotten
How does chunking help improve short-term memory?
It groups information into meaningful units, making it easier to retain and recall
What did the Wickens et al. (1976) study show about semantic similarity in memory?
It demonstrated release from proactive interference, showing that shifting to a new category improves memory recall
Why do phone numbers follow a chunking pattern (ex: (305) 123-4567)?
Chunking helps reduce cognitive load, making it easier to remember long sequences of numbers
What is a real-life example of memory not fitting the Atkinson-Shiffrin Model?
When flashbulb memories (strong emotional events) skip rehearsal but are still remembered vividly