A
Define the crest and trough of a wave.
The crest is the high point in a series of waves. The trough is the low point in a series of waves.
What does wave-particle duality describe about light?
The fact that light has properties of both waves and particles.
Define "photon".
A photon is a bundle or packet of light.
What are valence electrons and why are they important?
Valence electrons are the outermost electrons in an atom. They are important because they are the ones most likely to be involved in a chemical reaction.
How many electrons can a p orbital hold?
Six
Define wavelength.
The distance between two corresponding points on two successive waves.
What type of wave is light currently described as?
Light is currently described as an electromagnetic wave.
Describe Bohr's model of the atom.
The electrons in atoms can only move about the nucleus in specific pathways called "energy levels" or "orbits".
What is an orbital?
An orbital is a region of space where there is a high probability of finding an electron.
What does an electron configuration represent?
An EC represents the arrangement of electrons around the nucleus of an atom.
Define frequency.
Frequency is the number of complete waves that pass a certain point per unit time.
Name the seven waves of the electromagnetic spectrum in order from lowest to highest frequency (the ones listed during lecture).
Radio waves, Microwaves, Infrared Waves, Visible Light Waves, Ultraviolet Waves, X-rays, Gamma Rays
What is the Quantum Theory of Light?
Light consists of bundles or packets of light called photons. Therefore, the energy of a photon is "quantized" or restricted to certain values.
What element is represented by the following:
[Kr] 5s2 4d10 5p3
Antimony (Sb)
How many orbitals (orientations) are possible in the f sublevel?
There are seven possible orbitals in the f sublevel.
What is the speed of light in a vacuum in mi/s and m/s?
Light travels at 186,000 mi/sec and 3.00 x 108 m/s.
Put the following waves in order from lowest to highest frequency:
Yellow light, microwaves, infrared and x-rays.
From lowest to highest frequency:
Microwaves, Infrared, Yellow Light, X-rays
What does the Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle state?
It is impossible to simultaneously determine both the momentum and position of an electron with precision.
How many electrons can be contained in the fourth energy level (n=4)?
Using the equation 2n2 we find the fourth energy level can hold 32 electrons.
Give the electron configuration for aluminum using both the longhand and noble gas shortcut methods.
Longhand: 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p1
Noble gas shortcut: [Ne] 3s23p1
What equation describes the relationship between energy and frequency? What do each of the variables stand for?
E = hf
E = energy, h = Planck's constant, f = frequency
Describe what Bunsen and Kirchoff saw when elements were vaporized and heated white hot. According to Bohr's model, why did they produce these light patterns?
When B & K vaporized and heated elements to white hot, a specific pattern of bands of light were produced. This is because the electrons were restricted to the specific orbits. When heated, electrons were "excited" and jumped up to a higher orbit. When they fell back to their "ground" state, certain wavelengths of light were given off corresponding to how far the electrons fell.
Name the four quantum numbers and what they each describe about an electron.
1. Principle QN - the orbit or energy level
2. Subshell (Sublevel) QN - the shape of the orbital
3. Magnetic QN - the orientation of the orbital in space
4. Spin QN - the direction of electron spin
Give the electron configuration for Samarium (Sm) #62
[Xe] 6s2 4f6
What element is represented by:
1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d10 4p6 5s2 4d10 5p6 6s2 4f14 5d10 6p6 7s2 5f6
Plutonium