Elements, Compounds, and Mixtures
How many elements are found in the Periodic Table?
118 elements.
State what an atom is.
Indivisible tiny particles of matter which is the building blocks of all matter.
The electronic configuration of an ion will be the same as...
electronic configuration of a noble gas - such as helium, neon, and argon.
The formation of ions:
to become more stable, what will an atom do?
lose or gain electrons (transfer electrons)
Describe the formation of covalent bonds.
- Covalent bonds are formed when pairs of electrons are shared between atoms.
- Only non-metal elements participate in covalent bonding.
- When two or more atoms are covalently bonded together, we describe them as 'molecules'.
Describe a compound and its example.
A pure substance comprises two or more elements chemically combined and can not be separated into their elements by physical means.
Examples: CuSO4, CaCO3, CO2, HCl, etc.
State the names of three subatomic particles and their locations in the atom.
Protons and neutrons are located at the center of the atom which is called the nucleus. Meanwhile, the electrons move very fast around the nucleus in orbital paths called shells.
Mention two ways to represent the structure of the atom.
By using diagrams called electron shell diagrams or by writing out a special notation called the electronic configuration/structure/distribution.
Ionization of metals and non-metals:
Describe everything about metals and non-metals.
Metals: All metals on the left-hand side of the periodic table can lose electrons to other atoms to become positively charged ions, known as cations
Non-metals: All non-metals on the right-hand side of the periodic table can gain electrons from other atoms to become negatively charged ions, known as anions.
OOPS!! SOMETHING WENT WRONG.
ALL GROUPS GET PENALTIES BECAUSE ONLY CARE TOO MUCH ABOUT OBTAINING HIGH SCORES AND BEING THE WINNER WITHOUT RESPECTING AND CARING FOR THEIR CLASSMATES :(
40 POINTS WILL BE DEDUCTED FROM EACH GROUP. POOR YOU :(
Describe a mixture and its example.
A combination of two or more substances (elements and/or compounds) that are not chemically combined and can be separated by physical methods such as filtration or evaporation.
Examples: sand and water, oil and water, sulfur powder and iron fillings.
State the relative masses and charges of three subatomic particles.
Relative Mass vs. Charge
Proton: 1 vs. 1+
Neutron: 1 vs. 0 (neutral)
Electron: 1/1840 (negligible) vs. 1-
State maximum electrons that shells can hold up to in 1st, 2nd, 3rd, and 4th shells.
1st shell: 2 electrons
2nd shell: 8 electrons
3rd shell: 18 electrons
4th shell: 32 electrons
Draw a dot-and-cross diagram of sodium chloride ionic bonding.
- Sodium is a Group I metal so will lose one outer electron (valence electron) from the outer shell to be transferred to the outer shell of the chlorine atom.
- A positive sodium ion with the charge 1+ is formed.
- Chlorine is a Group VII non-metal so will need to gain an electron to have a full outer shell of electrons.
- A negative chloride ion with the charge 1- is formed.
- The oppositely charged ions are held together by strong electrostatic forces of attraction.
- The ionic compound has no overall charge.
CONGRATULATIONS! YOU PICK BONUS BOX.
ALL GROUPS RECEIVE FREE ADDITIONAL 60 POINTS ONLY IF YOU FOLLOW THIS INSTRUCTION:
EVERYONE SAYS THESE SENTENCES WITH GRATITUDE EXPRESSION TO EACH MEMBER OF YOUR GROUP:
1. YOU ARE AMAZING, (MENTION THEIR NAMES)
2. I AM LUCKY TO HAVE YOU IN MY GROUP.
Mention the name and atomic number of the first and the last elements in the Periodic Table.
Hydrogen-1 and Oganesson-118.
State the mass number, atomic number, and the number of protons, electrons, and neutrons in:
H, C, O, Na, and Cl
The mass number, atomic number, protons, electrons, and neutrons of the following elements respectively:
H: 1, 1, 1, 1, 0
C: 12, 6, 6, 6, 6
O: 16, 8, 8, 8, 8
Na: 23, 11, 11, 11, 12
Cl: 35.5, 17, 17, 17, 18
State the electronic configuration of:
2He
20Ca
35Br
2He: 2
20Ca: 2, 8, 8, 2
35Br: 2, 8, 18, 7
Draw a dot-and-cross diagram of magnesium oxide ionic bonding.
- Magnesium is a Group II metal so will lose two outer electrons (valence electrons) from the outer shell to be transferred to the outer shell of the oxide atom.
- A positive magnesium ion with the charge 2+ is formed.
- Oxygen is a Group VI non-metal so will need to gain two electrons to have a full outer shell of electrons.
- A negative oxide ion with the charge 2- is formed.
- The oppositely charged ions are held together by strong electrostatic forces of attraction.
- The ionic compound has no overall charge.
Draw a dot-and-cross diagram of water covalent bonding.
- Simple molecules like H2O share one pair of electrons, also known as a single (covalent) bond.
- Electrons from two hydrogen atoms are represented by a dot, and the electrons of the oxygen atom are represented by a cross (the notation can be interchangeable).
- The electron shells of each atom in the molecule overlap and the shared electrons are shown in the area of overlap.
- The dot-and-cross diagram of the molecule shows clearly which atom each electron originated from.
Pick a group in the Periodic Table and mention all the elements in the group.
You are 32 28 92 16
State the mass number, atomic number, and the number of protons, electrons, and neutrons in:
Li+, F-, Mg2+, Al3+, and S2-
The mass number, atomic number, protons, electrons, and neutrons of the following ions respectively:
Li+: 7, 3, 3, 2, 4
F-: 19, 9, 9, 8, 10
Mg2+: 24, 12, 12, 10, 12
Al3+:27, 13, 13, 10, 14
S2-: 32, 16, 16, 18, 16
State the electronic configuration of:
19K+
10Ne
53I-
87Fr
4Be2+: 2
15P3-: 2, 8, 8
56Ba2+: 2, 8, 18, 18, 8
Draw a dot-and-cross diagram of sodium oxide ionic bonding.
- Sodium is a Group I metal so will lose one outer electron (valence electron) from the outer shell to be transferred to the outer shell of the oxygen atom.
- Two positive sodium ions with the charge 1+ are formed.
- Oxygen is a Group VI non-metal so will need to gain two electrons to have a full outer shell of electrons.
- A negative oxide ion with the charge 2- is formed.
- The oppositely charged ions are held together by strong electrostatic forces of attraction.
- The ionic compound has no overall charge.
Draw a dot-and-cross diagram of carbon dioxide covalent bonding.
- Simple molecules like CO2 share two pairs of electrons, also known as a double (covalent) bond.
- Two electrons from two oxygen atoms are represented by a dot, and the four electrons of the carbon atom are represented by a cross (the notation can be interchangeable).
- The electron shells of each atom in the molecule overlap and the shared electrons are shown in the area of overlap.
- The dot-and-cross diagram of the molecule shows clearly which atom each electron originated from.