Attitudes + Cognitive Dissonance
Define attitudes
Set of emotions: positive, negative, or neutral evaluation of a stimulus.
Ghaleb really cares about dental hygiene, so he always flosses. Identify the attitude and behavior.
Behavior - flosses
The discomfort one feels when their attitudes and behavior do not match.
What is Cognitive dissonance?
With respect to classical conditioning, the neutral stimulus eventually becomes the _
When Maria sneaks out, her parents take away her games to discourage her from sneaking out again. This is an example of?
Operant Conditioning/negative punishment
What are the ABC's of attitudes
Affect - emotion
Behavior - the action
Cognition - the thought
Alissa REALLY cares about fitness, so her attitude is much less resistant to changes. What is this an example of?
Hint: factors that predict behavior
What is Strength of Attitude?
Learning in which a neutral stimulus leads to a given reaction, after it is repeatedly paired with another stimulus that naturally leads to that reaction
Reinforcement and punishment can be either positive or negative. What does this mean?
Positive means the addition of a stimulus, whereas negative means the removal of a stimulus.
Positive reinforcement - Encourage behavior through addition of a favorable stimulus
Negative reinforcement - Encourage behavior through the removal of a unfavorable stimulus
Positive punishment - Discourage behavior through the addition of a unfavorable stimulus
Negative punishment - Discourage behavior through the removal of a favorable stimulus
Every time Sophia studies, she gets a good mark. Because of this, she studies more. This is an example of?
Operant conditioning/positive reinforcement
Fernando is an environmentalist, but is forced to put glass in the trash (glass does not belong there btw). Will he experience dissonance?
No. For cognitive dissonance to occur, it must be from an action that is chosen.
Leon cares for the environment. Unfortunately, his behavior rarely matches their attitude because their campus has no recycling bins. What is this an example of?
Hint: factors that predict behavior
What is Accessibility of Attitude?
The more we are exposed to something, the more we like it.
(Familiarity breeds liking, because familiarity is safe)
What is Mere exposure effect?
With respect to classical conditioning, the neutral stimulus is repeatedly paired with _ to eventually produce _
Unconditioned Stimulus, Conditioned Response
Juan sees an ad for new shoes, but the ad plays a REALLY annoying song. As a result, Juan has a negative association with that brand of shoes. This is an example of?
What is Classical Conditioning?
There are 3 ways in which a person can relieve themselves of dissonance. Name them.
Change attitude, Change behavior, Justify behavior.
In general, Alejandro believes that you should live a healthy lifestyle. Similarly, Alejandra believes that you should exercise everyday. Alejandra's attitudes will be a greater predictor of their behavior because of...
What is Specificity of Attitude?
People are encouraged (reinforced) or discouraged (punished) for engaging in a particular behavior.
What is Operant Conditioning?
With respect to observational learning, who is the most influential in the formation of attitudes?
Edgar is always around Paolo. In turn, Paolo likes him more. What is this an example of?
What is mere exposure effect?
SOMETIMES attitudes can predict behavior. What factors affect the predictability of behavior
Strength of attitude
Accessibility of attitude
Specificity of attitude
Social norms
Nataly lives in a community that really hates smoking. Nataly herself, also hates smoking, so her their attitude is good predictor of behavior. This is an example of which factor that predicts behavior?
What is Social Norms?
Other people serve as models for our behavior
(We learn through observing other people’s behavior)
What is Observational Learning?
With respect to operant conditioning, what is the difference between reinforcement and punishment?
Reinforcement encourages behavior, whereas punishment discourages behavior
Adrian sees that his parents HATE people who drive cyber trucks, so they hate cyber truck drivers too. This is an example of?
What is observational learning?