Colonization
True or False: The First Fleets brought the first people to Australia
False: Australia was inhabited by humans long before the arrival of the first fleets
Panning
What was the term used for South Sea Islander laborers which meant 'man' in Hawaiian?
Kanaka
What year did Australia federate?
1901
What does the term 'slum' mean?
An area of a city where impoverished people live and congregate
Who were the first colonists sent from Europe to Australia?
Convicts
What is the 'secret ballot', and why was it introduced?
The secret ballot is a system where voters and who they voted for was kept anonymous. It was introduced to reduce violence and intimidation when voting
True or False: White Australians often visited the early Chinatowns. They bought illicit goods and luxury products
True: Despite discrimination, many white Australians did business with the Chinese
What do we mean when we say Australia 'federated'
What was 1 notable amenity we have now that was lacking in many Australian cities and slums at the time
Sanitation - There was no garbage collection or toilet system
What Empire was Australia a part of before federation in 1901?
The British Empire
What was the miner’s licence, and why did many miners dislike it?
It was a fee miners had to pay for the right to search for gold. Many disliked it because it was expensive and had to be paid regardless of whether they actually found gold.
What does the term 'blackbirding' mean?
The practice of kidnapping or tricking South Sea Islanders to work involuntarily in the Queensland sugar industry
What were the 3 main causes of federation?
Military power, immigration, and ease of transport
Around when did living standards finally begin to improve in Australian urban slums?
Conditions would not improve until around the mid-late 20th century
What year did Captain James Cook 'discover' Australia, and what year did the First Fleet arrive?
1770, and 1788
What was the Australian gold rush? (time, first state where gold was discovered, 1 impact)
The Gold Rush was an event in the MID 1800S. Gold was first discovered in NSW, and it caused massive migration into the gold fields
Name the 2 main factors which drew Chinese migration in early Australia
1: War in Southern China, 2: Discovery of gold
Who were the 3 countries the government was worried about, causing them to push for federation and increasing military power
France, Germany and Russia
What did the government do around the early 20th century in an attempt to fix the slums? What was its effects?
The government destroyed the slums, forcing families to relocate, become homeless and break apart
What is the term used by Europeans to describe Australia, meaning 'land without anybody in it'
Terra nullius
The miner's license was abolished, and Australia went major democratic reforms
What was a big difference between how Chinese miners worked and how other miners worked that made them more efficient?
Chinese miners worked in massive groups and took shifts, meaning they pooled their profits and worked 24/7
Why was Australia divided into many separate colonies before federation?
Australia was too large at the time to be managed by 1 government, and cities like Melbourne, Adelaide, Brisbane and Sydney were too far from each other
Who was F. Oswald Barnett?
A famous Australian poet and activist who campaigned for better living conditions in the slums around the early 20th century