Sympathetic vs Parasympathetic
Sensation
Sensory Pathways
Motor Pathways
Miscellaneous
100
Which area of the spine does the sympathetic nervous system branch from?
Thoracolumbar
100
What is the definition of sensation? How is sensation different from perception?
Conscious or subconscious awareness of external stimuli. Perception refers to conscious awareness and interpretation of sensations.
100
Based on location, what are the three types of sensory receptors?
Interoreceptors, Exteroreceptors, and Proprioceptors
100
What type of neurons are used in motor pathways?
Efferent (E for Exit)
100
Which branch of the autonomic nervous system would be activated during an especially stressful exam?
Sympathetic Nervous System (Fight or Flight)
200
What is the difference in length of preganglionic and postganglionic nerves in the parasympathetic and sympathetic nervous system?
Sympathetic:

    Pre: Short

    Post: Long

Parasympathetic:

    Pre: Long

    Post: Short or nonexistent

200
What is Adaptation?
Decrease in perception of sensation over time while the stimulus is still present.
200
What is the general sequence of nerve impulses traveling to the CNS?
1st: Sensory receptors to medulla

2nd: Medulla to thalamus

3rd: Thalamus to cerebral cortex

200
Which area of the brain is responsible for execution of voluntary movements?
Primary Motor Area
200
What are the names of the ganglia associated with the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous system?
Sympathetic: Prevertebral

Parasympathetic: Terminal

300
Which neurotransmitter does postganglionic neurons of the parasympathetic nervous system secrete?
Acetylcholine
300
What are the two classes of modalities of sensation?
General: Somatic and visceral senses

Special: Smell, taste, vision, hearing, and equilibrium

300
Which sensory pathway conducts primarily sensations of pain and temperature?
Anterolateral Pathways
300
Which pathway is responsible for impulses for control of limbs and trunk?
Corticospinal Tracts
300
Who has the world record for holding their breath underwater for the longest amount of time and how long was it?
Tom Sietas; 22 minutes and 22 seconds
400
Adrenergic receptors secrete which hormone/neurotransmitter?
Norepinephrine
400
What are the four steps in the process of sensation?
1. Stimulation of receptor

2. Transduction of the stimulus

3. Generation of nerve impulses

4. Integration of sensory input

400
Which pathway conducts sensations from the face, nasal cavity, oral cavity, and teeth? (Think cranial nerve!)
Trigeminothalamic Pathway
400
In which motor pathway do axons NOT decussate in the medulla, but instead in the anterior white matter at each spinal nerve level?
Anterior Corticospinal Tract
400
Which neurotransmitter/hormone does the postganglionic neurons of the sympathetic nervous system secrete?
Norepinephrine
500
How are the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous system different in:

Anatomical Structure

Location of Origin

Function

Anatomical Structure: In the sympathetic nervous system, preganglionic neurons are short while postganglionic neurons are long. In the parasympathetic nervous system, these are switched

Location: Sympathetic --> Thoracolumbar  Parasympathetic --> Craniosacral

Function: Sympathetic --> Fight or flight   Parasympathetic --> Rest and Digest

500
Based on structure, what are the three types of sensory receptors?
Free nerve endings, Encapsulated nerve endings, Specialized separate cells
500
List at least 3 types of sensory pathways.
Posterior Column, Anterolateral Pathway, Trigeminothalamic Pathway, Cerebellar Tracts, Primary Somatosensory Area
500
Which motor pathway is responsible for impulses for skeletal muscles in the head?
Corticobulbar Pathways
500
What are the five Extrapyramidal Tracts and what are their functions?
Rubrospinal: Impulses to skeletal muscles concerned with precise voluntary movements of upper limbs

Tectospinal: Movements of the head, eyes, and trunk in response to visual and auditory stimuli

Vestibulospinal: Posture and balance

Lateral AND Medial Reticulospinal: Muscle tone, Posture and body movements

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