Miscellaneous
FARs
Performance & Limitations/ Aerodynamics
Systems
National Airspace System
100
The distance (radius) a TAF covers from the center of the airport
5 SM
100
The regulation that states we have to follow the POH
What is FAR 91.9?
91.9 states "no person may operate a civil aircraft without complying with the operating limitations specified in the approved Airplane or Rotorcraft Flight Manual"
100
The four forces of flight
What are lift, weight, thrust, and drag?
100
Steps of a four-stroke cycle (Explain)
What are __?
Intake- intake valve opens; piston moves down --> fuel/air mixture enters combustion chamber
Compression- Intake valve closes; piston moves to the top compressing the fuel/air mixture
Combustion/Power- Fuel/air mixture is ignited --> increase in pressure forces the piston back down --> creates the power that turns the crankshaft which drives the propeller
Exhaust- exhaust valve opens as the piston reaches the bottom --> as piston moves back up, it pushes out the exhaust gases
100
Different classes of airpspace and their equipment requirements
200
Emergency squawk codes and what they mean
7500- hijacked aircraft
7600- lost communication
7700- general emergency
200
The regulation that establishes rules for drug and alcohol use before a flight
FAR 91.117 states
-8 hours bottle to throttle
-prohibits use of drugs affecting a person's faculties in any way contrary to safety
200
The airspeed at which induced and parasite drag meet?
What is Vg (best glide speed) = 65 KIAS
This is also described as L/D Max or the maximum lift to drag ratio.
200
The first indication of carburetor icing in an aircraft with a fixed propeller
+200 points: The first indication of carburetor icing in an aircraft with a constant-speed propeller
Fixed prop- decreased in rpm
Constant speed prop- decrease in manifold pressure, but no reduction in rpm
200
This airspace is depicted as a solid grey line on a sectional and allows participating pilots to receive additional radar services
+200 points: Name an airport that falls within this airspace
TRSA (Terminal Radar Service Areas)
Airports with TRSAs: PSP
300
Runway width illusions (2) and their effects
1) Narrower than usual runway
▪ Can create the illusion that the aircraft is at a higher altitude than it actually is
▪ The pilot will risk flying a lower approach, with the risk of striking objects along the approach path or landing short
2) Wider than usual runway
▪ Can create the illusion that the aircraft is at a lower altitude than it actually
▪ The pilot will risk flying a higher approach, with the risk of leveling out high and landing hard or overshooting the runway
300
The regulation that requires pilots to "see and avoid" other aircraft
91.113 (Right of Way Rules) states that "when weather conditions permit, regardless of whether an operation is conducted under instrument flight rules or visual flight rules, vigilance shall be maintained by each person operating an aircraft so as to see and avoid other aircraft "
300
Define Camber. Can we change it?
Camber is the curvature of an airfoil. The wing's camber can be changed by extending/ retracting flaps
300
Function of the oil system
Cleans (carries away contaminants)
Cools (cools the engine by reducing friction)
Seals (provides a seal between the cylinder walls and pistons)
Lubricates (lubricates the engine's moving parts)
300
The dirty dozen
1) What does it represent
2) Name 3 airports that fall in the dirty dozen
Dirty Dozen = list of 12 major US airports that don't permit student solo, sport, or recreational pilot activities
a. Atlanta, GA (Hartsfield)
b. Boston, MA (Logan)
c. Camp Springs, MD (Andrews Air Force Base)
d. Chicago O’Hare
e. Dallas, TX (Dallas Fort Worth)
f. Los Angeles, CA (LAX)
g. Miami, FL (Miami Int)
h. Newark, NJ (Liberty)
i. JFK, NY
j. LaGuardia, NY
k. San Francisco, CA (SFO Int)
l. Washington DC (Ronal Reagan Airport)
400
Aircraft Category, Classes, and Type
Category: airplane, rotorcraft, glider
Class: Single Engine land/sea, multi engine land/sea
Type: specific in aircraft. Only required for aircraft with a max gross weight equal or greater than 12,500 lbs, turbojet, any aircraft specified by FAA to require one.
400
VFR Fuel Requirements
(State day and night fuel requirements for full points)
91.151 Fuel Requirements for flight in VFR conditions
Day: Fuel to fly to first point of intended landing + 30 min at normal cruising speed
Night: Fuel to fly to first point of intended landing + 45 min at normal cruising speed
400
What is CG? Give performance characteristics of a forward or aft CG.
Center of Gravity= the point at which an airplane would balance if it were suspended at that point
Forward CG: 1) increased longitudinal stability 2) increased induced drag 3) lower cruise speed 4) higher stall speed
Aft CG: 1) decreased longitudinal stability 2) higher cruise speed 3) lower stall speed 4) poor stall/spin recovery
400
3 primary control surfaces, the movement they control, the axes of rotations they control, and the type of stability they provide
1) Ailerons
Airplane Movement- Roll
Axis of Rotation- Longitudinal axis
Type of Stability- Lateral
2) Elevator
Airplane Movement- Pitch
Axis of Rotation- Lateral
Type of Stability- Longitudinal
3) Rudder
Airplane Movement- Yaw
Axis of Rotation- Vertical
Type of Stability- Directional
400
Before crossing the ADIZ (Air Defense Identification Zones), an aircraft must file this special type of VFR flight plan
DVFR (Defense VFR)
500
What is a SODA?
A SODA (Statement of Demonstrated Ability) is a certificate given to pilots who have a static or non-progressive condition like a lost hand, and can show an FAA federal flight surgeon they can safely fly.
500
Oxygen Requirements
(State oxygen requirements to receive full points)
91.211 Supplemental Oxygen
No person may operate a civil aircraft of U.S. registry
◦ above 12,500 feet (MSL) up to and including 14,000 feet (MSL) --> required minimum flight crew is provided with and uses supplemental oxygen for that part of the flight at those altitudes that is of more than 30 minutes duration
◦ 14,000 feet (MSL) --> required minimum flight crew is provided with and uses supplemental oxygen during the entire flight time at those altitudes
◦ above 15,000 feet (MSL) --> each occupant of the aircraft is provided with supplemental oxygen.
500
What are the 2 features of our ailerons that help reduce adverse yaw? Explain.
1. Differential
Upward aileron raises higher than downward moving aileron --> produces increased drag on descending wing (raised aileron) to counteract the drag associated with adverse yaw
2. Frise-type
Upward aileron pivots off an offset hinge, projecting the leading edge of the aileron into the airflow which creates drag and reduced adverse yaw
500
What does LHAND O320-E2D stand for? Explain.
L = Lycoming
H= Horizontally Opposed
A= Air cooled
N= Naturally Aspirated
D= Direct drive
O= Opposed cylinders
320 = Cubic inch displacement
D= Dual magneto
500
Warning areas extended _____ (distance) outward from the coast of the US
3 NM