Carbohydrates
The ring in ribose contains how many carbons?
4
Increasing the saturation of a fatty acid ____ the melting point.
Increases
(more Hs = fewer double bonds = fewer kinks= more IMFs = requires more energy to separate)
Adenosine is what type of nucleotide base and what does it pair with?
(Purine, A, G: Pyrimidine, T/U, C)
What bond connects a fatty acid to the glycerol backbone?
Ester
In a phospholipid bilayer membrane, what are the external and internal charges?
External: negative
Internal: neutral/ non-polar
The deoxyribose used in DNA is formed via what modification?
Reduction
Name 2/4 functions of lipids.
Fuel, membranes, hormones, lipid-soluble vitamins
DNA grows in which direction?
5' ---> 3'
Glycosidic
How many rings does cholesterol contain and what is its function?
4 rings
To give rigidity and flexibility to a membrane as needed
A ketohexose that follows the pattern of L, R, R in terms of OH placement is what sugar?
D-fructose
Vitamins and steroids are made from what subunit?
Terpenes (5 C units)
Proteins preferred to bind in which groove?
Major
(more room/ accessibility)
What bond connects the backbone of DNA?
Phosphodiester bond
Nucleotides consist of three aspects. What are they?
pentose, nitrogenous base, phosphate
For an aldose, the anomeric carbon is C __ whereas for a ketose, the anomeric carbon is C ___.
1; 2 (#1 is an exocyclic C)
A fatty acid that corresponds to (18:2 9,12) is what?
(I can draw this out if need be)
Linoleic acid
What is the purpose of a histone?
To wrap up DNA to protect and compact it
Ester
(specifically to chop off fatty acids)
How does is the lagging strand filled in DNA replication?
Primase makes primers for Okazaki fragments that are expanded from 5' to 3' until you reach what already exists. Then it goes back further. DNA Poly I edits and replaces the RNA primer with DNA. Ligase then seals the fragments.
I have a ketose whose anomeric exocyclic carbon is below the ring and the other exocyclic carbon is above the ring. Is this sugar alpha or beta? D or L?
beta (if the anomeric exocyclic C is down, the anomeric OH must be up. Same side = beta)
D (highest number exocyclic is above the ring)
Phosphatidyl ethanolamine has how many ester, phosphoester, and phosphodiester bonds? What is its net charge?
2 ester, 0 phosphoester, 1 phosphodiester
neutral net charge
In DNA replication, what atom of what nucleotide does the initial attack?
The open 3' OH on the old nucleotide
Chloine is attached to glycerol via what bond?
Phosphodiester
How should you determine major and minor grooves from a pair of bases?
Draw a dot in the middle. Draw lines out from where the base attaches to the R group on the circle, through the dot. Do the same thing on the other side. The minor groove is the smaller fraction and the major groove is the larger fraction.