Cardiovascular Systems b
What are the 3 major components of the cardiovascular system
What is Blood, Blood vessels, and Heart
What is the pacemaker of the heart?
What is the Sinoatrial (SA) Node.
What is the function of red blood cells?
What is transport oxygen using hemoglobin.
What is the primary function of the respiratory system?
What is to carry oxygen to and remove carbon dioxide from the body.
How does heart rate change during exercise?
What it increases to supply more oxygen to muscles.
What are the 2 Main circulations in the body?
What is Pulmonary Circulation (Right Side) and systematic circulation (left side)
What part of the nervous system increases heart rate during exercise?
What is the sympathetic nervous system
What happens to blood flow during exercise?
What is It is redistributed to active muscles and away from non-essential areas.
What is the pathway of airflow from the nose to the lungs?
What is Nose → Pharynx → Larynx → Trachea → Bronchi → Alveoli.
What happens to stroke volume as exercise intensity increases?
What is it increases to pump more blood per beat.
What is the main function of the cardio vascular system?
What is transport oxygen, nutrients, and hormones while removing wast
What does the QRS complex on an ECG represent?
Ventricular depolarization.
What are the two major adjustments of the cardiovascular system during exercise?
What is Increased cardiac output and redistribution of blood flow.
What are the two phases of pulmonary ventilation?
What is inspiration (active) and expiration (passive).
Why is oxygen delivery important during exercise?
What is muscles require more oxygen to produce ATP for energy.
What are the main types of blood vessels?
What is Arteries, veins, capillaries.
This phase of the cardiac cycle occurs when the heart relaxes and the chambers fill with blood, leading to the lower number in a blood pressure reading.
What is diastole
They facilitate gas and nutrient exchange between blood and tissues.
What are the three ways carbon dioxide is transported in the blood?
What is Dissolved in plasma, bound to hemoglobin, and as bicarbonate ions.
How does the body regulate breathing during exercise?
What is increased CO₂ and hydrogen ions signal the brain to increase ventilation.
This term refers to the period during the cardiac cycle when the ventricles contract, ejecting blood into the pulmonary artery and aorta, and it is represented by the higher number in blood pressure readings.
What is systole
What are basic mechanisms of inspiration and expiration?
This process involves the contraction of the diaphragm and intercostal muscles to draw air into the lungs, while the relaxation of these muscles forces air out during the opposite phase.
What are vasoconstriction and vasodilation?
What is vasoconstriction narrows blood vessels to reduce flow, while vasodilation widens them to increase flow.
What is the Bohr effect?
What is the tendency of hemoglobin to release oxygen more readily in acidic conditions (low pH).
What are the three main mechanisms that assist venous return to the heart during exercise?
What is One-way venous valves, the muscle pump, and the respiratory pump.