European Colonization/regions
What were the primary motivations for settling in the Americas
wealth, spreading Christianity, and to escape persecution
What is salutary neglect and what were the causes
Salutary neglect- a policy where England was normally very lax in enforcing regulations
Causes: The Atlantic Ocean, the English Civil War, British colonial agents were corrupted
Define Indentured Servitude
A landowner paid for an indentured servant's passage and worked for a specified period, usually 4-7 years. At the end of that period, they gained their freedom and obtained 50 acres of land
What were the two most religiously tolerant colonies
Pennsylvania and Rhode Island
Identify and define the three types of charters/colonies
Corporate colonies- operated by joint-stock companies. Ex: Jamestown
Royal Colonies- under direct authority and rule of the king's government Ex: Virginia
Proprietary colonies- under the authority of individuals granted charters of ownership by the king. Ex: Maryland and Pennsylvania
Describe the triangular trade route
1. A ship would leave a port in New England to West Africa, rum would be traded for captive Africans
2. The ship would set out on the Middle Passage to the West Indies, trading surviving Africans for sugarcane
3. Ship returned to New England, where sugarcane could be turned into rum
Describe the Separatists
They wanted to organize a completely separate church that was independent of royal control, several hundred left England in search of religious freedom (which is how they became known as Pilgrims)
What was the outcome of the Glorious Revolution?
King James II was overthrown, taking the Dominion of New England down with it, and replaced by William and Mary.
What's the Great Awakening
A movement of fervent expressions of religious feeling among the masses
Which British region attracted diverse groups of European immigrants, had fertile land, and had tolerant attitudes toward religion
The Middle Colonies: New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, and Delaware
Define mercantilism and how it affected the relationships between the colonies and parent countries.
Mercantilism- An economic theory that a country's wealth was determined by how much more it exported than imported, fueled the triangular trade
The colonies existed to enrich the parent country by providing raw materials for them. The parent countries wanted more control over the colonies, so they started applying strict policies on them
Describe the Puritans
They believed that the Church of England could be reformed, or purified. They sought for religious freedom
How did Africans resist slavery
Used songs and storytelling to maintain traditions, hunger strikes, broke tools, refused to work, fleeing owners, maintained family ties
What is the Great Migration
Religious and political conflict in England in the 1630's drove some 15,000 settlers to the Massachusetts Bay Colony
Why was intermarriage between the French and the American Indians important
Married American Indian women provided services as guides, translators, and negotiators. This made trade for fur easily accessible for the French
Describe the Navigation Acts
- Trade to and from the colonies could be carried only by English or colonial-built ships, operated only by English or colonial crews
- All goods imported into the colonies had to pass through ports in England
- Specified or "enumerated goods" from colonies could be exported to England only
Describe the Quakers
They believed that religious authority was found within each person and not in the Bible nor in any outside source
Describe the Pueblo Revolt and its impact
Various tribes united against the Spanish when Catholic missionaries tried to aggressively convert the Natives. When Spanish regained control, they ruled less harshly and made accomodations
Define subsistence farming
When farms produce just enough for the family
What early problems did Jamestown face
They lived in a swampy area and suffered outbreaks of malaria and dysentery. Many of the settlers were not used to physical work or refused to hunt/farm. Most died because of starvation or disease.
What was the Dominion of New England and how did it break down
Dominion of New England- King James II combined New York, New Jersey, and the various New England colonies
The Glorious Revolution overthrew King James II eventually leading to the downfall of the Dominion of New England
Describe the enslaved Africans
They replaced indentured servants, worked as enslaved laborers typically in the fields or plantations, most lived in the southern colonies, made up 20% of the population, faced discrimination through laws, had little freedom.
Describe Metacom's War and its outcome
Metacom, chief of the Wampanoag, united many tribes in southern New England to fight against the English settlers encroaching on the American Indians' lands. Several villages burned and many were killed or injured. Metacom was killed
What's halfway covenant
offered by clergy so people could become partial members even if they had not felt a conversion