Unit 1: Chemistry of Life
What is the monomer of nucleic acids?
Nucleotides
Name of circular DNA in bacteria
Plasmid
Non-competitive inhibitors bind to this location on a protein:
Allosteric site
The location of receptor proteins for lipid-based ligands are ...
Intracellular (within the cell)
Sexually reproducing organisms form their gametes through a process called...
Meiosis
Name of the process that bonds monomers of biomolecules together
Dehydration synthesis
Site of modification and packaging of proteins and lipids prior to export from the cell
Golgi complex
Where do light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis occur? How about light independence (Calvin cycle)?
Light dependent -->Thylakoid
Calvin cycle --> Stroma
What is this type of cell signaling called: Ligand travels through the bloodstream to get to its target cell.
Endocrine signaling
How do the ploidy of daughter cells differ in the process of meiosis versus mitosis?
Mitosis maintains the ploidy of cells. (2n --> 2n)
Meiosis cuts the ploidy of daughter cells in half compared to that of the parent cell. (2n --> n)
What determines the tertiary structure of proteins?
What is an example of an electron carrier in cellular respiration?
NAD+ and FAD
How do the checkpoints within the cell cycle regulate cell division?
They have cyclin-dependent kinases that rely on specific cyclins. No cyclin --> cell won't move on to the next stage.
What is nondisjunction? provide an example.
When chromosomes don't separate appropriately during anaphase. Leads to a gamete/gametes with additional or missing chromosome.
Example: trisomy 21
DNA has three components: Sugar, phosphate, and nitrogenous base. Which nitrogenous bases are pyrimidines? Which are purines?
CUT Pyrimidine
AG Purine
What types of substances can cross the cell membrane easily?
Small, non-polar substances such as CO2
What is the final electron acceptor at the end of electron transport chain in cellular respiration?
Oxygen
What is the role of p53 proto-oncogene in regulation of the cell cycle?
It is a tumor suppressor gene that codes for a CDK inhibitor. If CDK is inhibited, cyclin cannot bind to it and the cell won't move forward to the next stage. (cell division gets paused. If repair is fixed, then cell division continues. If not, cell will go through apoptosis).
A woman with blood type A had a child with a man with blood type B. The child ended up with blood type O. What are the genotypes of the parents?
Mom- IAi
Dad- IBi
An amino acid has A carbon bonded to a hydrogen, an R group, and what two other functional groups?
an amino group and a carboxyl group
A cell that has 1M solute is placed in a solution that has 2M solute. Predict net water movement.
Water will move from cell to solution. (cell is hypotonic to solution. Solution is hypertonic to cell. Cell will shrink)
What is chemiosmosis and in what metabolic process/processes does it occur?
Movement of H+ ions down ATP synthase to power the enzyme to make ATP
Both photosynthesis and cellular respiration have chemiosmosis.
What are the ligand and receptor that play a role in external regulation of the cell cycle?
Growth factors and receptor tyrosine kinases
How can we use phenotypic data to determine whether two genes are linked or not?
If the phenotypic data matches the expected ratio (predicted by punnett square), then this means genes were affected by independent assortment and are NOT linked.
If the phenotypic data does not match the expected ratio, then it could mean that the genes are linked (close to each other on the same chromosome) because they were not affected by independent assortment.