Bacteria Size and Shape
When bacteria appear in groups they are termed ____________________.
colonies/biofilms
__________________ is the flagellular movement towards light.
Phototaxis
In a nondividing cell, DNA and its proteins appear as _______________________.
chromatin
What does it mean if fungi can be dimorphic?
Can appear as unicellular yeast cells or multicellular molds (with mycelium)
Name the stages of the helminth life cycle
–Fertilized egg
–Larval stage
–Adult stage
Name the 3 general shapes of bacteria and describe them.
–Coccus: spheres, oval, bean-shaped, pointed
–Bacillus: cylindrical
–Spirillum (Spiral): rigid helix
Name the two major groups of appendages found in bacterial cells.
–Flagella and axial filaments: provide motility
–Fimbriae and pili: provide attachment points or channels
What is the job of the golgi apparatus?
To receive, modify, and package proteins for the cell.
How do fungi receive their nutrients?
What limits the host range of viruses?
The host receptors on the cell membrane.
Name the arrangement and groupings of Cocci.
strep - row
staph - irregular groups
diplo - 2
sarcinia - cube shaped; groups of 8
A. ______________________chemotaxis: movement of a cell in the direction of a favorable chemical stimulus
B. ________________________ chemotaxis: movement of a cell away from a repellant or potentially harmful compound
positive
negative
How are prokaryotic chromosomes different than eukaryotic ones?
single, circular; appear in nucleoid region and not nucleus
Name the two groups of protists.
Protozoa and Algae
Name and describe the shapes of the viral capsid
•Helical capsid: Rod-shaped capsomeres that form a continuous helix around the nucleic acid
•Icosahedral capsid: Three-dimensional, 20-sided figure with 12 evenly spaced corners
•Complex capsids: Found in bacteriophage, the viruses that infect bacteria. Have multiple types of proteins. Take shapes that are not symmetrical
Name the arrangements of bacilli bacteria
–Diplobacilli: pairs of cells with their ends attached
–Streptobacilli: chains of cells
–Palisades: cells of a chain remain partially attached and fold back, creating a side-by-side row of cells
Describe the differences in gram positive and gram negative bacterial cells.
gram positive; thick cell wall, no outer membrane; teichoic acid
gram negative; thin cell wall, outer membrane, harder to kill. Many produce endotoxins
What is the job of cilia? What group are they most commonly found in?
locomtion, feeding; protozoa
Name the 2 life stages of protists and describe them.
Trophozite- Motile and feeding stage. Requires ample food and moisture to remain active
Cyst: Dormant, resting stage,Formed when conditions become unfavorable for growth and feeding, Important factor in spread of disease
Explain the lytic and lysogenic cycle.
•Lytic phase or lytic cycle: life cycle of bacteriophage that ends in destruction of the bacterial cell.
•Lysogenic cycle: bacteriophage becomes incorporated into the host cell DNA.
Describe the following;
lophotrichous
monotrichous
peritrichous
amphitrichous
lophotrichous - flagella at one end forming a tuft
monotrichous - one single flagellum
peritrichous - flagella all over the cell
amphitrichous - a flagellum at each end of the cell
What are the steps of the gram stain?
wax circle; invert; write name
drop of water; aseptic technique innoculating loop and tube of bacteria.
Sample of bacteria; aseptic technique innoculating loop and tube of bacteria.
Dry slide
crystal violet, iodine, decolorizer, safranin
What is the job of the ribosomes? Where are they found?
create proteins; rough ER, scattered through the cytoplasm.
Mitochondria and Chloroplast have their own.
Why are fungi not classified as plants?
Can't go through photosynthesis. Cell walls have chitin instead of cellulose
Name the order of events in viral multiplication
adsorption, penetraton, uncoating, synthesis, assembly and release