Causes of ATN include prolonged renal failure, radiocontrasts, hemolyzed RBCs, increase in myoglobin, and use of these nephrotoxic drugs
What are aminoglycosides
200
Urinary clinical manifestations include these 3 types:
What is polyuria (low specific gravity and nocturia), oliguria (less than 400 mL urine/day), anuria (no urine)
200
CKD patients are at high risk for these type of issues
What is cardiovascular
300
Mechanical obstruction of urine outflow appears in this form of AKI
What is postrenal
300
This is the most common type of intrarenal AKI
What is Acute Tubular Necrosis (ATN)
300
The phase where you can't pee, you have fluid volume overload and hyperkalemia is this:
What is oliguric
300
These changes related to CKD are due to decreased GFR, increased BUN and CRT which result in uremia
What is neuro system changes
300
Signs of hypocalcemia include these two signs which are a facial twitch and a hand twitch when BP cuff is inflated
What are Trouveaus and Cheveux signs
400
This problem within kidneys can be caused by ATN - acute tubular necrosis, interstitial nephritis, and acute glomerulonenephritis.
What is intrarenal
400
The MOA of ATN includes damage to this membrane of tubular epithelium:
What is basement membrane
400
The diruetic phase is when you can't do this:
What is concentrate urine (you have fluid volume deficit and increased output to 3-5 L/day)
400
Uremic fector is:
What is the smell of urine on someone's breath
400
A urinalysis for CKD will show positive ________________ which can cause hydrostatic pressure and _________________, which can be leaked in small amounts from the kidney.
What is proteinuria; microalbuminuria
500
Causes in prerenal AKI include 4 things. Name 2:
What is hypovolemia; decreased cardiac output; decreased peripheral vascular resistance; decreased renovascular blood flow
500
In ATN, tubules become blocked with ___________
What is necrotic tissue
500
Recovery can take up to 12 months when these two levels normalize
What is BUN and creatinine
500
Electrolyte disturbances related to CKD include the decrease of sodium and calcium and the increase of these three electrolytes:
What is potassium, magnesium, phosphate
500
There are four levels that best diagnose CKD; name them in order of most indicative: