Regional Economies
Nationalism at Center Stage
The Age of Jackson
States Rights and the Bank
Miscellaneous
100
How did the South feel about the Tariff of 1816?
South resents higher prices
100
Why did settlers pushes America west?
Most settlers go west for land, economic opportunity
100
What is the spoils system? Bonus: kitchen cabinet
• Jackson limits appointees to federal jobs to four-year terms, fires 10% of federal employees • Uses spoils system—replaces former appointees with own friends • Friends become primary advisers, dubbed “kitchen cabinet”
100
How did conflict between the federal government and South Carolina almost erupt in 1833?
• 1832 Congress passes new tariff - South Carolina declares 1828, 1832 tariffs null; threatens to secede • Congress passes Force Bill: can use army, navy against S. Carolina • Henry Clay proposes tariff that lowers duties over 10 years
100
What is mass production?
production of goods in large quantities
200
How did the Industrial Revolution get started in the United States and where did it start?
War of 1812 blockade shut down trade, shipping Americans begin to invest in domestic industries New England
200
Define Nationalism—national interests come before region, foreign concerns
national interests come before region, foreign concerns
200
Why were the “five civilized tribes” labeled in this way?
the Cherokee, Choctaw, Seminole, Creek, and Chickasaw—had begun to adopt the European culture of their white neighbors.
200
Why did President Jackson oppose the National Bank?
• Presents bank as privileged institution that favors the wealthy
200
How did McCulloch v. Maryland boost federal power?
state cannot overturn laws passed by Congress
300
Who invented the cotton gin and how does this impact slavery?
Eli Whitney - Cotton hugely profitable; by 1820s, demand for slaves increases - Increase in cotton production parallels increase in slave population
300
What was the Monroe Doctrine?
• Monroe Doctrine (1823) warns Europe not to interfere in Americas, wanted to free Western Hemisphere from European influence - U.S. will not interfere with Europe
300
How were voting rights expanded during the 1820s and how did expanded suffrage help Jackson win the election of 1828?
• Most states ease voting qualifications; few require property • In 1828, numerous new voters help Jackson win presidency
300
What was the theory of nullification?
- questions legality of applying federal laws to states - Constitution based on compact among states - state can reject law it considers unconstitutional - states have right to leave Union if nullification denied
300
Why did people want the land of the civilized tribes?
These “five civilized tribes,” as they were called by whites, occupied large areas in Georgia, North and South Carolina, Alabama, Mississippi, and Tennessee. Many white planters and miners wanted that land.
400
Explain the American System and who was its biggest supporter?
House Speaker Henry Clay promotes plan as the American System: - North produces manufactured goods - South and West produce food, cotton - national currency, create better transportation network to facilitate trade - all regions sustain the others making U.S. economically independent
400
What problem developed with the admission of Missouri?
- Until 1818, the United States had consisted of ten free and ten slave states. - The government admitted Illinois as the eleventh free state in 1818. - Southerners then expected that Missouri would become the eleventh slave state, - However, New York Congressman James Tallmadge amended the Missouri statehood bill to require Missouri to gradually free its slaves - Southerners, blocked the bill’s passage in the Senate. - Alabama was then admitted to the Union as a slave state. - The discussion over Missouri war and brought about talk of civil war and end of the nation
400
What Indian tribe was forcibly moved and why is this forced removal referred to as the Trail of Tears?
• Cherokee sent west on Trail of Tears; 800-mile trip made on foot • Cherokee are robbed by government officials, outlaws; thousands die
400
How did Jackson’s opponents respond to his policies?
- They formed a new political party called the Whig Party.
400
Describe Whig policies and who was the first Whig elected president?
- The Whigs backed the ideals of the American System, as promoted by Henry Clay. Besides a protective tariff, they wanted to use federal money to construct roads and canals to foster the exchange of goods between regions. - The Whigs also backed federal control of the banking system and a nationally accepted currency. William Henry Harrison win the presidency
500
How was each of the following intended to help the United States achieve the goals of the American System? Tariff of 1816, The Second Bank of the United States, Internal improvements
Tariff of 1816: aid the growth of American industry by protecting American-made products The Second Bank of the United States: aid the exchange of goods across regions by establishing a national currency Internal improvements: Improvements: assist trade by improving transportation
500
How did the Missouri Compromise preserve the nation?
Missouri Compromise—preserves balance between slave, free states - Maine admitted into Union as free state, Missouri as slave state - divides Louisiana Territory at 3630’ line: slavery legal in south
500
Explain what happened in the election of 1824 between John Quincy Adams, Andrew Jackson, and Henry Clay
• In 1824, Andrew Jackson wins popular but not electoral vote • John Quincy Adams elected president by House with Clay’s support • Jacksonians claim Adams, Clay have struck a corrupt bargain • Adams wins controversial election • Jacksonians form Democratic-Republican Party, block Adams’s policies.
500
What were the pet banks and how did the pet banks hurt the country?
• Jackson puts federal money in state banks loyal to Democratic Party • Pet banks print bank notes in excess of gold, silver they have • Government demands specie (gold, silver) to pay for public lands • Rush to exchange paper money for specie, banks stop taking paper • Panic of 1837—bank closings, collapse of credit system: - people lose savings, businesses bankrupted - more than a third of population out of work
500
Why did Andrew Jackson support the removal of Native Americans?
• Jackson: only solution is to move Native Americans off their land - thinks assimilation cannot work - too many troops needed to keep whites out of native lands
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