Pharmacology
Epinephrine activates what receptors?
Alpha & Beta Receptors
To treat Croup, the patient must be between the ages of?
6 Months - 8Years Old
True or False --> All 1st Degree Burns shall only be covered with a dry sheet or blanket
FALSE --> All 1st Degree Burns shall be covered with a moist sterile dressing, and THEN covered with a dry sheet or blanket.
You are treating an unconscious patient with no SDM available, and delaying treatment to obtain consent would risk serious harm. In Ontario, what legal principle allows you to proceed with treatment?
Implied Consent
Abnormal Swelling Caused by Fluid Accumulation
Edema
A diuretic medication that acts rapidly for less responsive edema, and should be taken in the morning to prevent nocturia
Furosemide (Lasix's)
To treat under the Analgesia Medical Directive, the patient must be how old?
>12 Years Old
When can paramedics restrain a patient (HINT: under the mental health directive)
1. Directed by a Police Officer or Physician
2. An unescorted patient becomes violent en route
3. The use of restraints is necessary to provide emergency treatment as per the Patient Refusal Standard / Emergency Transport Standard.
You arrive to find an adult patient fully alert and oriented who refuses transport after assessment and normal vital signs. You explain risks and benefits, conduct a capacity assessment, and determine that they have capacity. What must you do next?
Document the refusal, attempt to obtain signatures, and advise the patient to call 911 again if concerns arise.
Ripping or Tearing Sensation in Chest / Abdomen, Flank Pain, Impending Doom, Differentiating Blood Pressures.
Dissecting Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm (AAA)
This class of medications causes blood vessels to relax, lower blood pressure and improves blood flow to the heart
ACE Inhibitors
What is the MAX dose of DimenhyDRINATE for a patient that weighs 72 kg
50mg
Under the Vaginal Bleeding Standard, what are the 4 characteristics you assess to determine?
1. Blood Loss
2. Fetal Parts
3. Other Tissues, and
4. Presence of Clots
You are called for a minor with a wrist fracture. They fully understand the treatment and risks. In Ontario, what determines whether consent can be obtained directly from the minor?
What is the patient’s capacity to understand and appreciate the treatment and its consequences (capacity applies regardless of age)?
shakiness or trembling, sweating, dizziness, lightheadedness, confusion.
Hypoglycemia
This oral analgesic is commonly given by PCPs for mild to moderate pain and works by inhibiting prostaglandin synthesis
Acetaminophene.
Under the Cardiac Ischemia Medication Directive, a NON-STEMI can receive how many sprays of Nitroglycerin, and what dose?
6 & 0.3 - 0.4 mg
Name ALL the contraindications to a Stroke Bypass
1. CTAS 1 and/or uncorrected airway/circulation problem
2. Symptoms resolved before EMS arrival
3. Blood Sugar <3 mmol/L
4. Seizure at the onset of symptoms or observed by paramedics
5. GCS <10
6. Terminal / Palliative
7. Out-of-hospital transport is longer than 2 hours.
During a call, a patient tells you they are refusing transport because of financial concerns, not medical risks. They are alert, oriented, and able to explain the situation. What is your legal and ethical obligation regarding this refusal?
Attempt to convince the patient. Ensure they understand the medical risks of refusal, confirm they have capacity, explain that transport cost isn’t part of clinical care decisions, and document the full discussion and assessment in the Call Report?
This is a condition in which blood flow in the coronary arteries is obstructed
Coronary Artery Disease (CAD)
An antiemetic used by PCPs that can be given orally or intravenously to treat nausea and vomiting
Ondansetron.
What is the Dose of Oxytocin under the Emergency Childbirth Medical Directive?
10 UNITS
2. All Burns
3. Accidental Ingestions / Poisonings
4. Other types of in-home injuries (falls)
You are treating a patient whose family insists on withholding information from them about their terminal diagnosis. The patient is fully alert and capable. What is your ethical duty?
What is to respect the patient’s right to be informed, maintaining honesty while balancing sensitivity and professionalism.
a chronic and progressive neurological disorder that affects movement, balance, and other bodily functions
Parkinsons Disease