SKILLS
The ability to perceive another's experience and then to communicate that perception back to the individual to clarify and amplify their own experiencing and meaning. It is not identifying with the pt or sharing similar experiences-- not "I know how you feel"!
WHAT IS EMPATHY
He saw the personality as composed of a conscious mind, a preconscious mind and an unconscious mind. The conscious mind has knowledge of what is happening in the present. The preconscious mind contains information from both the unconscious and the conscious mind. The unconscious mind contains hidden or forgotten memories or experiences .
Who is Freud
Person-centered is considered a phenomenological psychology d as reality for the indi
belief that most people were provided conditional acceptance as children, which lead them to behave in ways that would assure their acceptance. However, in their need for acceptance, the individual often behaved in ways that were incongruent with the real self. Thus, the greater this incongruence between the real self and the ideal self, the greater isolated and maladjusted the person became.vidual .
What isHow rogers views personality and pathology development
This theory posits that individuals move through six stages of change: precontemplation, contemplation, preparation, action, maintenance, and termination. Termination was not part of the original model and is less often used in application of stages of change for health-related behaviors. For each stage of change, different intervention strategies are most effective at moving the person to the next stage of change and subsequently through the model to maintenance, the ideal stage of behavior.
What is the Trans Theoretical model of Change
This model assumes that biological, psychological and social factors contribute to addiction.
What is the Biopsychosocial Model.
Each element contributes but it’s the sum of them all which explains the addiction.
It takes a holistic view of the person in that it views biological aspects impacting psychological aspects impacting social aspects of the individual in an ongoing, interactive manner.
A questioning process to assist the client in clarifying or exploring thoughts or feelings. Counselor id not requesting specific information and not purposively limiting the nature of the response to only a yes or no, or very brief answer.
WHAT IS OPEN QUESTION
Free Association is a process where the client verbalizes any thoughts that may without censorship, no matter how trivial the thoughts or feeling may be to the client
b. Dream Analysis is a process where the client relates their dreams to the counselor. The counselor interprets the obvious or manifest content and the hidden meanings or latent content
c. Analysis of transference is a process where the client is encouraged to attribute to counselor those issues that have caused difficulties with significant authority figures in their lives. The counselor helps the client to gain insight by the conflicts and feelings expressed .
d. Analysis of resistance is a process where the counselor helps the client to gain insight into what causes form the basis for a hesitation or halting of therapy .
e. Interpretation is a process where the counselor helps the client to gain insight into past and present events .
What are techniques used in psychoanalytic therapy
RET assumes that the individual has the capacity to be completely rational, irrational, sensible or crazy,
. This theory was coined by whom?
Who is Albert Ellis
find this answer is a catastrophe.
d. Ellis sees the individual as being easily disturbed because of gullibility and suggestibility
e. Ellis is a proponent of the individual thinking of their behavior as separate from their personhood, i.e. "I did a bad thing" rather than "I am a bad person."
f. Ellis believes that each individual has the ability to control their thoughts, feelings and their actions. In order to gain this control, a person must first understand what they are telling themselves (self-talk) about the event or situation .
g. Ellis believes that cognitions about events or situations can be of four types: positive, negative, neutral, or mixed. These cognitions result in like thoughts with positive leading to positive thoughts, negative leading to negative thoughts, etc.
This stage is characterized by ambivalence toward changing a behavior. Someone in this stage has awareness that their behavior is a problem and is considering making a change. They may be weighing and re-weighing the benefits and costs of making this change.
What Is Contemplation
Aprocess for evaluating the possible presence of a particular problem. The outcome is normally a simple yes or no.
What is Screening?
Screening involves asking questions carefully designed to determine whether a more thorough evaluation for a particular problem or disorder is warranted. Many screening instruments require little or no special training to administer.
An expression of caring and nurturance as well as acceptance.
WHAT IS UNCONDITIONAL POSITIVE REGARD
It Includes conveying warmth through:
• conveying acceptance by responding to the pt's messages (verbal and nonverbal) with nonjudgmental or noncritical verbal & nonverbal reactions.
• Respect - ability to communicate to the pt the counselor's sincere belief that every person possesses the inherent strength and capacity to make it in life, and that each person has the right to choose his own alternatives and make his own decisions.
Three parts: the id, the ego, and the superego
What is the Structure of the personality
This theory has an optimistic view of human nature that believes that people can life. All decisions that are made in life can be re-decided
What is Transactional Analysis by Eric Byrnes
. TA uses four major methods to analyze and predict behavior:
i. Structural analysis looks at what is happening within the individual.
ii. Transactional analysis looks at what is happening between two or more people.
iii. Game analysis looks at transactions between individuals leading to negative feelings.
iv. Script analysis looks at the life plan the individual has chosen to follow.
Someone in this stage of change has confidence and belief in their ability to make a change of behavior. They are future-oriented, creative, and confident in their creation of a realistic action plan with achievable goals.
What is Preparation
This is a process for defining the nature of that problem, determining a diagnosis, and developing specific treatment recommendations for addressing the problem or diagnosis.
What is Assessment?
Keeping communications specific -- focused on facts and feelings of relevant concerns, while avoiding tangents, generalizations, abstract discussions, or talking about counselor rather then the client.
What is Concreteness
Includes the following functions:
a. Assisting client to identify and work on a specific problem from the various ones presented.
b. Reminding the client of the task and redescribing intent and structure of the session.
c. Using questions and suggestions to help the client clarify facts, terms, feelings, and goals.
d. Use a here-and-now focus to emphasize process and content occurring in current session, which may of help to elucidate the problem being worked on or improving the problem-solving process.
He saw the family as the basic socialization unit for the child. He interpretation of the events in their life was determined by the interaction with family members before the age of five.
Who is Alfred Adler
often referred to as stimulus-response learning in which the learner does not need to be an active participant. The outcome is the conditioning of involuntary responses.
What is Respondent learning
Operant conditioning requires that the participant be actively involved. This type of learning involves rewarding the desired behavior or punishing the undesired behavior until the person learns to discriminate the desired behavior that elicits the reward. Operant conditioning differs from respondent conditioning in that operant conditioning is the conditioning of voluntary responses through rewards or reinforces
j. Social modeling is the process where new behavior is learned from watching other people and events without experiencing the consequences from the behavior or engaging in the behavior
This stage is characterized by lack of awareness or information with regard to why an unhealthy behavior is at odds with important personal goals. Someone in this stage has no conscious intention of making a change; they may also feel demoralized by failed attempts to change.
What is precontemplation
Ryan has a goal of returning to college. He thought about submitting an application online recently but changed his mind after he realized how much work it takes to earn a degree. Ryan is unlikely to move forward in his goal of returning to college unless he develops "blank."
What is common screening tools for substance use.
AUDIT
The Alcohol Use Disorder Identification Test (AUDIT; Babor and Grant 1989) is a widely used screening tool that is reproduced with guidelines and scoring instructions in TIP 26 Substance Abuse Among Older Adults (CSAT 1998d).
The AUDIT is effective in identifying heavy drinking among nonpregnant women (Bradley et al. 1998c). It consists of 10 questions that were highly correlated with hazardous or harmful alcohol consumption. This instrument can be given as a self-administered test, or the questions can be read aloud. The AUDIT takes about 2 minutes to administer.
TCUDS II
The Texas Christian University Drug Screen II (TCUDS II) is a 15-item, self-administered substance abuse screening tool that requires 5–10 minutes to complete. . TCUDS II is used widely in criminal justice settings. It has good reliability among female populations (Knight 2002; Knight et al. 2002).
CAGE
CAGE (Ewing 1984) asks about lifetime alcohol or drug consumption.
The skill lies in choosing words which use different words that convey the same or similar.
What is Reflections
Affective reflection in an open-ended, respectful manner of what the client is communicating verbally and nonverbally, both directly through words and nonverbal behaviors as well as reasonable inferences about what the client might be experiencing emotionally It is important for the helper to think carefully about which words he/she chooses to communicate these feelings back to the client.
This is the site of the pleasure principle, the tendency of an individual to move toward pleasure and away from pain; does not have a sense of right or wrong, is impulsive, and is not rational. It contains the most basic of human instincts, drives, and genetic endowments. .
What is the id. The I’d is present at birth and is part of the unconscious. The id is the site of the pleasure principle, the tendency of an individual to move toward pleasure and away from pain. The id does not have a sense of right or wrong, is impulsive, and is not rational. It contains the most basic of human instincts, drives, and genetic endowments. .
c. The ego is the second system to develop and it functions primarily in the conscious mind and in the preconscious mind. It serves as a moderator between the id and the superego, controlling wishes and desires. The ego is the site of the reality principle, the ability to interact with the outside world with appropriate goals and activities .
d. The superego sets the ideal standards and morals for the individual. The superego operates on the moral principle which rewards the individual for following parental and societal dictates. Guilt is produced when a person violates the ideal ego denying or ignoring the rules of the superego .
The unlearning of conditioned responses
What is the behaviorist term called counterconditioning
This stage is characterized by completion of making a change. Someone in this stage is likely experiencing the challenges of life without their old behavior and is practicing alternatives to the old behavior they identified during an earlier stage. They are using appropriate coping strategies to reinforce the healthy change.
What is Action
Eva wants to get more exercise. She struggles with anxiety and believes that if she joins a gym, she will be judged by other gym-goers. Eva dislikes most types of exercise that she has tried; she also is busy parenting her three kids and doesn't believe she has time in her day to devote to an exercise routine. Eva is struggling with "blank", and this keeps her from moving forward in her goal of getting more exercise.
What is identifying perpetuating factors?
this is a part of the process of conceptualization process that includes understanding problems in context.
The five PS include
problem, predisposing, precipitating, perpetuating and protective factors.