Smell & Taste
What cranial nerve is involved in tongue movement?
This is the role of granule cells within CN I.
CN XII
They are (inhibitory) interneurons responsible for regulating signal transduction for smell.
Which division of the ANS constricts vs. dilates the pupil?
An on-center center surround is most likely stimulated by this.
Parasympathetic vs. sympathetic
Light
This is the smallest somatosensory/pain receptor type.
C type
This is the difference between type I and type II hair cells.
These are the three fluid filled vesicles in the cochlea.
Type 1 carry precise info and type 2 carry rough info
Scala vestibuli, scala media and scala tympani
These two important structures in the inner ear are part of the vestibular system.
This cranial nerve is associated with the vestibular system.
otolith organs and semicircular canals
CN VIII
These are the types of flavor associated with ionotorpic receptors.
What part of the skull do olfactory axons cross through?
Salty and sour
Cribriform plate
This is the area on the retina with the highest concentration of cone cells.
This is the area of vasculature and nerve entrance into the eye.
Fovea
Optic disc
This type of sensory receptor helps with grip strength.
This is the name of the main mechanoreceptor to detect pressure or stretching.
Ruffini endings
Piezo2
Movement of stereocilia towards this structure causes depolarization.
Name of the tube that connects the inner ear to the nose.
The kinocilium
Eustachian tube
The difference between the otolith organs and the semicircular canal.
How does adaptation happen in this system?
Linear vs. angular acceleration
Acceleration is detected but not velocity.
Taste cells are organized into taste buds around ___
This is the name of olfactory G proteins.
Papillae
Golf
This gland produces tears.
Name the muscles that control pupil dilation/constriction.
Lacrimal gland
Ciliary muscle
The difference between pain and somatosensory decussation locations.
This is the location where a lumbar puncture would be performed.
Spinal cord upon entry vs. brainstem
Cauda equina
What frequencies do the base of the cochlea vs apex respond to?
Endolymph is very different from perilymph due to the concentration of this.
High frequency vs low frequency
Potassium ions
The difference between the saccule and utricle.
The detection of movements of the head by the semicircular canal happens here.
vertical vs. horizontal acceleration
Ampullae
This is the class of receptors that respond to bitter flavors.
These glands in the olfactory epithelium secrete a mucus-forming substance to capture odors.
T2R
Bowman's glands
This is the part of the thalamus that helps coordinate eye movement and head orientation
These are the cranial nerves that control eye movements.
Superior colliculus
CN III, IV, VI
This is where somatosensation pathways synapse.
This is where pain pathways synapse.
In the spinal cord, upon entry
Name of the most resistant bone in the body.
The ossicles cause the vibration of this structure.
Petrous bone
Oval window
Nodding activates this semicircular canal.
The vestibulo-ocular reflex is responsible for this.
Anterior/superior semicircular canal
Maintains gaze fixation despite head movement.
This is the nucleus where taste information travel to.
Term for the detection of smells (usually unpleasant) that are not actually present.
solitary nucleus
Phantosmia
These are the two types of ganglion cells.
Where do we see accommodation through light refraction?
Magno and parvo
lens
This is the name of the pathway for facial pain, temperature and crude touch.
What is the name for the peripheral inhibition of pain?
Trigeminal Spinal Tract
Gate theory
Center in charge of acoustic reflex (startle).
These are the three direct pathways from the cochlear nuclei.
Inferior colliculus
Olivary Nucleus, Inferior Colliculus, Medial Geniculus (thalamus)
Where are the vestibular cell bodies of CN VIII located?
This is what the otoconia in otolith organs are composed of.
Scarpa's ganglion
CaCO3 (calcium carbonate)