English term
morpheme
C: morfém
D: a minimal language unit with distinctive form and meaning
E: teach-er-s
slovo
E: word
D: the fundamental unit of language (fixed order of morphemes, semantic meaningful unit etc.)
E: _boy_
word classes that share similar general meaning forms and syntactic function
E: parts of speech
C: slovní druhy
E: nouns, adjectives. verbs, adverbs, pronouns, prepositions, conjunctions, numerals, detrminers, particles, interjections
everybody – everyone, shut – close, reply – answer
E: synonymy
C: synonymie
D: a relationship between words of the exact same or very similar meaning
monomorphemic/polymorphemic words
monomophemic words (monomorfémní slova, a word consisting of a single morpheme, boy)
x polymorphemic words (polymorfémní slova, a word consisting of two or more morphemes, un+gentle+man+li+ness)
allomorph
C: alomorf
D: one of the variant realizations of the morpheme
E: allomorphs of the plural morpheme -s: /z/, /s/, /ɪz/
kořen
E: root
D: a morpheme without both lexical and grammatical affixes
E: teachers → teach
a bound morpheme added to the root or stem that creates a new word
E: affix
C: afix
E: un-usual, kind-ness, acceler-o-meter, abso-bloody-lutely, en-light-en
lead /li:d/ or /led/; tear /tɛə/ or /tɪə/; entrance /ˈɛn.tɹəns/ or /ɛnˈtɹæns/
E: homographs
C: homografa
D: words that are spelled the same but pronounced differently
inflectional/derivational morphology
inflectional morphology (flektivní morfologie, tvarosloví, the study of inflections, carS, trainED, singING)
x derivational morphology (slovotvorba, the study of word-formation, UNcover, greatNESS, kindDOM)
free morpheme
C: volný morfém
D: a lexical or grammatical morpheme that can occur separately
E: teach, nice, home, the, with, on
kmen
E: stem
D: a morpheme without grammatical affixes
E: teachers → teacher
a motivated relationship between two or more senses of a word that share at least one element of meaning
E: polysemy
C: polysémie
E: taste (the flavour of something / a person's approval of and liking for particular things), head, foot
their ‐ there; eye – I; sale ‐ sail
E: homophones
C: homofona
D: words that sound the same but are spelled differently
lexical/grammatical words
lexical/content words (plnovýznamová slova, autosémantika, words having a lexical meaning on its own, house, Attention. Stop!)
x grammatical/function words (funkční slova, synsémantika, a word marking a gramatical function, the, of)
bound morpheme
C: vázaný morfém
D: a morpheme that cannot stand alone
E: -s, -er, -ness, un-, il-
slovní základ
E: base
D: any root or stem to which an affix is added
E: teacher → teachers
an accidental relationship between two or more senses of a word with no shared meaning
E: homonymy
C: homonymie
E: bank (an organization where people and businesses can invest or borrow money, change it to foreign money / sloping raised land, especially along the sides of a river), date, long, band
-s as /z/ in bags
E: morph
C: morf
D: the phonetic realization of the morpheme, specific realization of the allomorph
inflected/uninflected words
inflected words (ohebná slova, words changing their form according to their grammaical functions, nouns, verbs, adjectives, adverbs, pronouns (e.g. write, writes, writing, wrote, written))
x uninflected words (neohebná slova, words without inflection, conjunctions, prepositions, numerals, determiners)
derivational morpheme
C: derivační morfém
D: a bound morpheme which creates a new word or a new form of an existing word and carries semantic content
E: pre-, un-, post-, -ness, -ify, -dom
flektivní morfém
E: inflectional morpheme
D: a bound morpheme with grammatical function that can never change the grammatical category of a word
E: -s, -ed, -ing, -er, -en
a morph consisting of no phonetic form
E: zero morph
C: nulový morf
E: plural deer + 0, fish+ 0
either: /ˈaɪ.ðər/ or /ˈiː.ðər/
E: diaphones
C: diafona
D: words with two or more pronunciation possibilities
open/closed word classes
open word classes (otevřené slovní třídy, classes of words with a large, potentially unlimited membership, nouns, adjectives, verbs, adverbs)
x closed word classes (uzavřené slovní třídy, classes of words with a relatively small and fixed number of members, pronouns, prepositions, conjunctions, determiners)