Reference Lines
The 2 references lines are called?
Parallel of latitude and Meridian of Longitude
How many minutes are there in 1 degree of latitude?
60
What is the conversion for time speed and distance
time = D/S
Distance = T*S
Speed = D/T
___ represents the intended path of the aircraft over the Earth’s surface while ___ is the actual path that the aircraft has flown over the Earth’s surface due to ___ what any free object will do as the air moves downwind with the speed of the wind. In one hour, an aircraft will drift downwind an amount equal to wind speed
true course, track, drift angle
Which line connects points of equal difference between true and magnetic north where correction is necessary?
A line with zero variation where no correction is necessary is called a
Isogonic lines
Agonic line
The circular parallel latitude to the equator runs from ___ to __ max at 90 degrees and the longitude runs from ___ to ___ max at 180 degrees?
east to west and north to south
____ is an imaginary circle, equidistant from the poles of the Earth?
equator
What is the conversion for Knot to Nautical, NM to Statute Mile and SM to NM
1 knot = 1NM
0.87nm = 1 SM
1.15SM = 1 NM
When is an aircraft’s indicated airspeed is significantly lower than its true airspeed
high altitude or high temp
__ g is True Course corrected for the wind correction angle (TH = TC+/-WCA)
It is the ___ responsibility to compensate for wind speed and direction when formulating estimates and issuing radar vectors.
true heading
controller’s
Which two locations on the longitude and latitude that is 0 degrees?
Greenwich England for longitude and the Equator for the latitude
The places where meridians and parallels cross and describe the position of a navigational point on Erath's surface are called ___?
coordinates
What is used for mileage and speed in IFR and are universal in air traffic control (ATC)
NM and Knots
For what reasons does a pilot calculate the wind’s effect on true airspeed?
Determine time en route and Determine estimated time of arrival
___is the error of a magnetic compass due to magnetic influence in the structure and equipment of the aircraft.
Magnetic deviation (DEV
The meridian of longitude located at 180° was used to establish the __?
international date line
Circular measurement are divided into__?
Coordinates in ATC are written without __ and __ and do not include __.
degree, minutes and seconds
Each zone is __ wide starting at the Prime Meridian
15° of longitude
Identify 5 effects of wind on flight?
ground v.s true airspeed
drift angle
track
true heading
true course
___ navigation of an airplane solely by means of computations based on airspeed, course, heading, wind direction, speed, GS, and elapsed time
Apply wind correction to true course to determine
dead reckoning
GS, TH
___ cannot be used as a scale to measure distance, except at the equator where it will only equal __ like latitude
Longitude, 1NM
is the shortest distance between two points on a sphere and adjust to the curvature of the Earth aside from ___ that does not and makes the same longer angle with each meridian of longitude?
What are the advantages between the two?
great circle route and rhumb line
great circle route= most direct route, saves time/fuel and constantly changing true direction
rhumb line= greater distance require more time and fuel and easier to navigate because direction remains constant
There are four types of speed used in aviation:
IAS = indicated speed used for pilot/controller communication
TAS = true speed relative to air mass/wind effect used for en route and flight plan/ETA
MACH = ratio of TAS to the speed of sound expressed in decimal form .82/1.6
GROUND SPEED = relative to earth surface with TAS calculation
Wind does NOT affect __, but it affects__ by Crosswind affects speed and direction of flight; Increased by tailwind/Reduced by headwind
TAS, GS
Navigation by reference to visible landmarks used in VFR only is called _____.
pilotage