CHO 1
What are some sources of CHO?
grains, fruits, dairy, some vegetables, added sugars
what makes a grain refined?
when it only has the endosperm left
what are the functions of carbohydrates?
supplies energy, protein sparing (prevents gluconeogensis), laxative, sweetener
if glucose concentrations get too low in the body, what will secrete glucagon?
pancreas
what monosaccharide is more likely to be stored as fat than other sugars?
fructose
what is a whole grain? (i.e. what does it contain?)
contains all original parts of the grain (bran, germ, endosperm)
monosaccharides consist of??
glucose, galactose, fructose
what are some functions of insulin?
promotes glucose storage (glycogen synthesis)
increases glucose uptake by cells
reduces gluconeogenesis
net effect: lowers blood glucose
what is the subgroup for complex carbohydrates called? and what are the 3 that fall under this category?
polysaccharides: starches, fiber, glycogen
disaccharides consist of?
maltose, sucrose, lactose
what are the 2 simple carbohydrates?
monosaccharides & disaccharides
fiber recommendations for men and women
women: 25 g/d
AMDR for carbohydrates?
45%-65% of total energy for the day
high or excessive ___ intake causes ___ bioavailability of some ___
fiber; reduced; minerals
what are some functions of glucagon?
breakdowns glycogen, enhances gluconeogenesis
net effect: raises blood glucose
RDA for carbohydrates???
130g/d
Low intake of fiber can contribute to what?
development of heart disease, diabetes, constipation, diverticulosis, and colon cancer
after a meal, what happens to blood glucose levels?
levels immediately increase. insulin is released from the pancreas, stimulating the uptake and storage of glucose
what happens several hours after a meal?
what is the recommended amount of added sugars?
10%-25% of total kcal/d
carbohydrates that are NOT digested in the stomach and small intestine
fiber
where in the body does starch digestion occur?
mouth and small intestine
short summary of the digestion of digestible carbohydrates in the body
salivary amylase starts digestion in the mouth, majority of starch is digested in the small intestine
short summary of how non-digestible carbohydrates go through the body
travel through the mouth, esophagus, stomach, SI intact. some are broken down (fermented) by bacteria in the large intestine. others pass through
short summary of how carbohydrates are absorbed in the body
disaccharides and oligosaccharides are broken down into monosaccharides on the brush border of the microvilli of the SI.
monosaccharides are absorbed into the circulatory system