INHALATIONAL HYPNOTICS
drug uptake,ventilation,agent concentration
Factors affecting alveolar concentration
Patient's failure to follow prescribed medication therapy.
Noncompliance/nonadherence/poor adherence
Elimination of medication from the body.
Excretion
Two drugs with similar actions sum their effects.
Additive effects
Ability of some drugs and chemicals to alter body cells and cause a variety of cancers.
Carcinogenicity
low volatile anesthetic B/G partition coefficient slows induction period TRUE OR FALSE
FALSE
The amount of time required for serum concentration of a drug to decrease by 50%.
drug half-life
Passage of medication from administrative site to entry into the blood stream.
Absorption
Two drugs compete for the drug binding site on Albumin.
Displacement
Immune (antigen-antibody) response to a drug to which the patient was previously exposed and sensitized.
Allergy
decreasing rebreathing, high fresh gas flows, low anesthetic-circuit volume, low absorption by the anesthetic circuit, decreased solubility, high cerebral blood flow (CBF), and increased ventilation.
factors that speed up elimination and recovery
Psychological benefit from a compound that may not have the chemical substance of a drug effect.
Placebo Effects
Inactivation of medication preparation for excretion.
Metabolism/Biotransformation
Two drugs with different mechanisms of actions produce greater effects.
Synergism or Potentiation
Ability of some drugs, such as aminoglycoside antibiotics, to damage the renal tubule, causing renal insufficiency or failure.
Nephrotoxicity
MAC decreases 10% per decade after the age of 40
TRUE/FALSE
FALSE
The process of drug movement to achieve drug action.
Pharmacokinetic
1) Condition of the kidneys, since most drugs are excreted in the urine. 2) Chemicals, foods, or other drugs that alter the pH of the urine.
Factors Affecting Excretion
Effects of two drugs that cancel each other. (Ex. 1+1=0 may be due to competition for binding sites on cell membranes)
Antagonism
drugs that damage the liver
hepatotoxicity
Occurs when the drug reaches its highest blood or plasma concentration.
Peak Action
Serum drug concentration within therapeutic range, dosage sufficient to be effective, but a peak serum concentration below the level of toxicity.
Therapeutic Index
1) Circulation, cardiac output, and blood supply to site of drug action. 2) Binding of drug to plasma protein albumin and tissue binding. 3) Level of plasma protein albumin. 4) For oral drugs, amount of drug metabolized in liver before reaching systemic circulation (first-pass phenomenon) 5) Blood-brain barrier prevents many drugs from entering central nervous system (CNS))
Factors Affecting Distribution
Physical interaction of two drugs that interferes with the effect of at least one of the drugs.
Incompatibility
Some drugs, especially those used to treat cancers, cause bone marrow depression, making patients susceptible to infection, anemia, and abnormal bleeding.
Hematologic effects