Resp A+P and assessment
Where does gas exchange occur in the lungs?
The alveoli
How is influenza primarily spread?
Droplet transmission.
What is the most common bacterial cause of pneumonia?
Streptococcus pneumoniae.
What is the leading cause of COPD?
Smoking
What structure collapses in a pneumothorax?
The lung
What is the normal adult respiratory rate?
12-20 breaths per minute
Is the onset of influenza typically abrupt or gradual?
Abrupt onset.
What will a chest X-ray typically show in pneumonia?
Infiltrates or consolidation.
What is the classic breathing position seen in COPD exacerbations?
Tripod position
What percussion sound is expected with a pneumothorax?
Hyperresonance.
Which breath sound indicates fluid in the lungs?
Crackles
Name one systemic symptom of influenza (besides cough).
Myalgia, headache, fever, severe fatigue.
Which breath sound is most commonly heard in pneumonia?
Crackles
Which breathing technique helps prolong exhalation in COPD?
Pursed-lip breathing
Which sudden symptom is a hallmark of pneumothorax?
Sudden sharp chest pain and dyspnea.
Which value triggers chemoreceptors to increase breathing (CO₂ or O₂)?
Increased CO₂.
Antivirals are most effective if started within how many hours?
Within 48 hours of symptom onset.
What complication occurs when alveoli collapse?
Atelectasis.
What medication is the first-line rescue treatment for asthma attacks?
Salbutamol (short-acting beta-agonist/SABA).
Which type of pneumothorax causes tracheal deviation and is life-threatening?
Tension pneumothorax.
What does it mean when breath sounds suddenly become absent in a distressed patient?
Impending respiratory failure / “silent chest.”
Which new assessment finding may indicate influenza has progressed to pneumonia?
New crackles, purulent sputum, or persistent fever.
Which patient position maximizes lung expansion?
High-Fowler’s or Fowler’s position.
What does it mean when a patient with asthma suddenly has no wheezing?
“Silent chest” — dangerous airway obstruction, impending respiratory failure.
Which isolation precautions are required for active TB?
Airborne precautions (N95 respirator; negative pressure room).