Neurotransmitters
What is the primary neurotransmitter by which motor neurons control voluntary muscles?
Acetylcholine
What condition results from the neural tube failing to close?
Spina Bifida
Name any of the three regions of the brain responsible for movement.
Cerebellum, basal ganglia, or motor cortex/precentral gyrus
What is the most common cause of dementia in older adults?
Alzheimer's Disease
Which two systems/factors drive your body to crave sleep?
1. Circadian System
2. Homeostatic System
What is the most prevalent neurotransmitter in mammals?
Glutamate
What portion of the neurons generated during the initial development phase remains functional into adulthood?
One Half (1/2)
Name the brain region involved in introspection.
Dorsomedial Prefrontal Cortex
What brain region has a lack of which neurotransmitter in Parkinson’s disease?
Substantia Nigra; Dopamine
What phase of sleep involves atonia?
Rapid Eye Movement (REM)
Inhibitory neurotransmitters result in what voltaic phenomenon in postsynaptic cells?
Hyperpolarization
What is the most common guidance mechanism, accounting for 90% of migration in humans?
Radial Glia
Name one brain structure closely related to emotion.
Amygdala, Insula, Periaqueductal Gray
Disrupted signaling between what brain areas is suspected to be the cause of Obsessive Compulsive Disorder?
Basal Ganglia/Reward System and Cortex
When scientists transplant stem cells into a brain, what are they doing this in hopes of?
The possibility that it might be able to replace and repair neural cells that were lost due to disease or injury
What are the two main glutamate receptors?
NMDA and AMPA
Which brain area has a sensory-motor circuit for speech?
Name the brain region involved in face recognition and the disorder resulting from damage to it.
Fusiform Face Area; Prosopagnosia/Face Blindness
How many seizures unexplained by temporary underlying medical conditions are required for the diagnosis of epilepsy?
Two (2)
What is the name of the two local anesthetics that cause temporary skin numbness?
Novocaine and Lidocaine
Which two groups of receptors does GABA bind to?
Ionotropic and Metabotropic
Mutations in what gene disrupt development in what brain area that results in speech deficits?
FOXP2 gene; dorsal striatum
Name the four types of glia in the central nervous system.
1. Astrocytes
2. Ependymal cells
3. Microglia
4. Oligodendrocytes
How many common and rare genetic misspellings can be found in the DNA individuals with schizophrenia?
Over 100 common misspellings and at least 11 rare misspellings
MPTP metabolizes into what neurotoxin?
MPP+