Good News
Informative messages are used when the receiver's reaction is expected to be this.
What is Neutral?
This is the primary goal of any negative message
What is giving the bad news and having the audience accept it?
The primary purpose of persuasion is to have the audience do one of these two things.
What is Act or Change Beliefs?
These verbal "maps" help the audience know where you are in your presentation (e.g., "First," "Next").
What are Signposts?
A "Goodwill Ending" should be these three things
What is Positive, Personal, and Forward-looking?
This document "transmits" a larger report or package to a reader
What is a Transmittal?
To protect the audience's ego in a negative message, you should use this type of "You-Attitude."
What is avoiding "You" in a blaming way / using impersonal phrasing?
This persuasive strategy is best when the audience is likely to resist your request.
What is an Indirect/Problem-Solving approach?
This presentation purpose is unique to your specific talk and specifies exactly what you want to achieve.
What is the Specific Purpose?
In a negative message to a superior, you should always include this alongside the bad news.
What is a Recommendation or Solution?
This part of an email should be clear, concise, and include the main point to help the reader file it.
What is the Subject Line?
This "neutral" opening helps delay the negative news to ensure the reader is in a receptive frame of mind.
What is a Buffer?
These are the three common audience objections a persuader must overcome.
What are Time, Money, and Effort?
This rule for slide design suggests keeping text to a minimum and using large fonts.
What is the "Big and Simple" rule?
This is the best way to handle a "hostile" question during Q&A.
What is rephrasing it neutrally?
A summary should put this in the first paragraph from the organization's point of view.
What is the Main Point/Action to be taken?
This type of negative message uses a "Direct" organization pattern (problem in the first sentence).
What are Claims and Complaints?
In this persuasive pattern, you present the problem first, then the solution, then the benefits.
What is the Problem-Solving Pattern?
These are the three modes of presentation: Monologue, Guided, and...
What is Interactive?
This psychological technique helps speakers manage anxiety by relabeling "nervousness" as "excitement."
What is Cognitive Restructuring/Reframing?
Positive messages should use these to show the audience how they specifically benefit from the info.
What are Audience Benefits?
When firing an employee, the news should never be this to the recipient.
What is a Surprise?
This part of a sales letter is used to add a final persuasive "nudge" after the signature.
What is a Postscript/P.S.?
These are the three parts of a strong oral presentation conclusion
What are Restating the Main Point, Referring to the Opener, and a Call to Action?
This is the main difference between "Oral" and "Written" messages regarding complexity.
What is Written is better for complex data, Oral is better for simple, high-emotion messages?