Microbial Players
This family of Gram-negative bacteria, often reduced in PD patients by over 75%, is associated with high-fiber diets and the production of protective gut mucus.
A.Enterobacteriaceae
B.Bifidobacterium
C.Akkermansia
D.Prevotellaceae
D.Prevotellaceae
This 'main highway' of the gut-brain axis carries sensory information upward and motor signals downward between the GI tract and the brain.
C.The Optic Nerve
D.The Sciatic Nerve
True or False: Older mice raised in a 'germ-free' environment since birth did not experience the typical loss of memory and cognition as they aged.
True
Abundance of this bacterial family in PD patients was found to be positively correlated with 'PIGD' symptoms, which involve posture and gait.
C.Lactobacillus
D.Roseburia
In the 'gut-first' theory of Parkinson's, these toxic, misfolded protein aggregates are believed to travel from the enteric nervous system to the brain.
B.Tau tangles
C.Amyloid-beta plaques
D. Lewy Bodies (Alpha-Synuclein)
D. Lewy Bodies (Alpha-Synuclein)
In addition to diet, this future medical intervention involves transplanting healthy microbiome matter into a patient to restore anti-inflammatory bacteria.
C.Gastric Biopsy
D.Fecal Microbiota Transplantation (FMT)
D.Fecal Microbiota Transplantation (FMT)
These bacterial genera are known to produce neurotransmitters like serotonin and GABA; an imbalance in them is linked to IBS, anxiety, and depression.
A.Prevotella and Shigella
B.Faecalibacterium and Roseburia
C.Bifidobacterium and Proteobacteria
D.Escherichia coli and Enterobacteriaceae
C.Bifidobacterium and Proteobacteria
This specific area of the brain, responsible for memory formation and spatial navigation, was shown to be affected by inflammatory signals from the gut.
A.Cerebellum
B.Substantia Nigra
C.Prefrontal Cortex
D.Hippocampus
D.Hippocampus
This type of medicine involves using minimally invasive devices to stimulate the vagus nerve to treat memory decline.
A) Bioelectronic medicine
B) Pharmacological therapy
C) Stem cell transplantation
D) Microbiome modulation
A) Bioelectronic medicine
High levels of these bacterially produced metabolites in blood and autopsied brain tissue have been associated with cognitive decline in Alzheimer's patients.
A.Short-Chain Fatty Acids (SCFAs)
B.Secondary Bile Acids (BAs)
C.Serotonin
D.Dopamine
B.Secondary Bile Acids (BAs)
This term refers to the massive network of 500 million neurons lining the GI tract, often called the 'Second Brain.'
A.Somatic Nervous System
B.Enteric Nervous System (ENS)
C.Central Nervous System (CNS)
D.Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)
B.Enteric Nervous System (ENS)
Researchers suggest that these two routine procedures could eventually serve as screening tools to diagnose Parkinson’s or Alzheimer’s years before symptoms appear.
A) MRI and CT scans
B) Stool tests and gastric biopsies
C) Blood pressure and heart rate monitoring
D) Reflex tests and pupil dilation
B) Stool tests and gastric biopsies