Group Contingencies
A common consequence (usually reinforcement) is contingent on the behavior of one member of the group, the behavior of part of the group, or the behavior of everyone in the group.
Group Contingency
A MO whose value-altering effect depends on a learning history.
CMO
I reinforce Jack for every other correct response emitted. What reinforcement schedule am I using?
FR2
A procedure in which stimuli with known reinforcing properties are presented on a fixed time (FT) or variable time (VT) completely independent of behavior.
Noncontingent reinforcement (NCR)
A procedure for implementing time-out in which social reinforcers-- usually attention-- are withheld for a brief period contingent on the occurrence of the target behavior.
Planned Ignoring
A type of token economy in which participants move up (or down) a hierarchy or tiers contingent on meeting specific performance criteria with respect to the target behaviors.
Level System
A MO whose value-altering effect does not depend on a learning history.
UMO
2 or more contingencies of reinforcement operate independently and simultaneously for 2 or more behaviors.
Concurrent Schedule of Reinforcement
I reinforce Jack for the first correct response on an average of every 2 minutes.
VI2
The phenomenon in which a change in one component of a multiple schedule that increases or decreases the rate of responding on that component is accompanied by a change in the response rate in the opposite direction on the other, unaltered component of the schedule.
Behavioral Contrast
the reward for the whole group is dependent on the performance of an individual or small group
Dependent Group Contingency
A previously neutral stimulus that acquired its MO effect by being paired with a UMO. Can be described as a "stand in".
A stimulus that acquired its effectiveness as an MO by being paired with another, previously established, MO.
CMO-S
Two or more basic schedules in an alternating, usually random, sequence. An SD is correlated with the presence or absence of each element of the schedule, and reinforcement is provided for meeting the response requirements for any element in effect at any time.
Multiple Schedules
A schedule of reinforcement in which the response requirements of two or more basic schedules must be met in a specific sequence before reinforcement is delivered. An SD is correlated with each component of the schedule.
Chained Schedules
Behavior aquired by direct experience with contingencies.
Contingency-Shaped Behavior
A contingency is presented to all members of a group, but reinforcement is delivered only to those group members who meet the criterion outlined in the contingency.
Independent Group Contingency
An environmental variable that establishes/abolishes the effectiveness of another stimulus as a reinforcer
CMO-T
A schedule of reinforcement that is in effect whenever reinforcement follows the completion of response requirements for 2 or more schedules of reinforcement.
reinforcement follows the completion of response requirements for both a ratio schedule and an interval schedule of reinforcement
Conjunctive Schedule
A schedule of reinforcement that is identical to the chained schedule but does not have an SD correlated with each element in the chain.
Tandem Schedule
The allocation of responses to choices available on concurrent schedules of reinforcement: rates of responding across choices are distributed in proportions that match the rates of reinforcement received from each choice alternative.
Matching Law
All members of a group must meet the criterion of the contingency (individually and as a group) before any member earns the reward
Interdependent Group Contingency
Any stimulus that systematically precedes the onset of painful stimulation. It's own offset functions as a reinforcer, and it's occurrence evokes any behavior that has produced such reinforcement in the past.
A condition or object that signals a worsening or improving of conditions.
CMO-R
A compound schedules consisting or two or more basic schedules that occur in an alternating, usually random, sequence. No SD is correlated with the presence or absence of each element of the schedule, and reinforcement is delivered for meeting the response requirements of the element in effect at any time.
Identical to mult but without an SD correlated
Mixed Schedule
Provides reinforcement when the response requirements of any of 2 or more simultaneously available component schedules are met.
provides reinforcement whenever the requirement of either a ratio or an interval schedule-the basic schedules that comprise the alt-is met.
Alternative Schedule
A behavioral effect associated with abrupt increase in ratio requirements when moving from denser to thinner reinforcement schedules.
Ratio Strain