The Enlightenment
This English philosopher argued that all people have natural rights to "life, liberty, and property," which heavily influenced democratic revolutions.
John Locke
This notorious radical political club, led by Maximilien Robespierre, took control of France during the Reign of Terror.
Jacobins
Napoleon seized control of the French government in November 1799 in a sudden military overthrow known by this French term
A coup d'état
Before winning its independence and changing its name to Haiti, this French colony was called by this name.
Saint-Domingue
This French Enlightenment thinker promoted the separation of powers into three branches of government to prevent tyranny.
Baron de Montesquieu
This medieval fortress and prison was attacked on July 14, 1789, marking the explosive start of the French Revolution.
Bastille
This comprehensive system of laws established by Napoleon guaranteed equality before the law for male citizens—though it also stripped rights from women.
The Napoleonic Code
This brilliant former enslaved man rose to lead the Haitian Revolution and outmaneuvered French, British, and Spanish troops.
Toussaint Louverture
Enlightenment thinkers heavily criticized this absolute form of government, where a king or queen holds total, unchecked power.
Absolute Monarchy
This execution device became the grim symbol of equality and efficiency during the bloody Reign of Terror.
The Guillotine
Napoleon suffered his disastrous final military defeat in 1815 against British and Prussian forces at this famous battle in Belgium.
The Battle of Waterloo
Saint-Domingue became the wealthiest colony in the world primarily due to its massive, brutal production of these two crops.
Sugar and Coffee
This concept, championed by Jean-Jacques Rousseau, suggests that an entire society agrees to be governed by its general will.
Social Contract
This declaration was created by the National Assembly when they separated from the Estates General
The Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen
In what country did Napoleon's conquest fail due the geography?
Russia
The Haitian Revolution was inspired by this Revolution in Europe
The French Revolution
This fierce Enlightenment writer and philosopher used biting satire to champion freedom of speech and religion, famously stating, "I disapprove of what you say, but will defend to the death your right to say it.
Voltaire
This historic assembly represented the common people (Third Estate) and broke away from the traditional Estates-General to write a new constitution for France.
The National Assembly
Following Napoleon's final defeat, European leaders met at this 1814–1815 summit to restore the "balance of power" and put old royal families back on their thrones.
The Congress of Vienna
Following its victory in 1804, Haiti made history by becoming the world's first independent nation born out of this specific type of mass uprising.
Slave revolt (or slave rebellion)